Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Rate of Vaporization Design Lab Essay

How does changing the surface area of a sample of water affect the time taken for the water to boil? Background: By changing the containers of the water, the surface area of the water is thus being modified as the same volume of water is spread out over smaller or larger surfaces. The measure being compared is the time each sample of water will take before it reaches the boiling point, 100 CÂ °. The relationship between the surface area and this amount of time will be determined by comparing the circular area of each container to the time. The independent variable manipulated in this lab is surface area, which will be varied by filling the water into different sized containers. The dependent variable being measured is the time taken to boil in seconds. This will therein tell us the rate of boiling, a measure of the rate of vaporization. Variables that must be controlled while performing this experiment include the temperature of the water and the volume of the water. Materials: – petri dish – test tube – 80 mL beaker – 300 mL beaker – graduated cylinder – 5 50 mL samples of distilled water – Bunsen burner – metal ring stand – thermometer – stopwatch Method 1. Measure in cm the radius of each the petri dish, test tube, graduated cylinder, and two beakers. Calculate the area of each. 2. Pour 50 mL of distilled water into petri dish. Repeat for test tube, graduated cylinder, 80 and 300 mL beakers. 3. Set up Bunsen burner and metal ring stand. Place petri dish with distilled water on metal ring stand. Place thermometer in petri dish. 4. Turn on gas / Bunsen burner. Start stopwatch. 5. Measure with stopwatch the time it takes until the thermometer reads 100Â ° C (boiling point of water). Record this time. 6. Repeat steps 1 – 5 four more times. 7. Repeat above procedure using the test tube, graduated cylinder, and two beakers.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Drama Evaluation Essay

When we did the 6 hour workshop on capital punishment, we looked at some extreme cases like two Somalia women; one was raped and stoned to death; the other was also stoned because she committed adultery, which was seen as crime by law in her country. The other case was about a man who was trying to get his lover’s aunt to sell him her farm. When she refused he killed her, but he didn’t want to go to jail, so he told his lover that she should take the blame because, she is underage and therefore wouldn’t go to jail. However, she did o to jail but she is on death row and is still awaiting her death. Even though, we studied all the capital punishment cases, it was the short plays about Derek Bentley that I decided to evaluate. The other group decided to focus on Derek’s personal development throughout their play. The first scene is set with Derek reminiscing about his life on the day of his execution. The group use a monologue to set the first flashback of the play. He talks about how he was born and how the umbilical cord got wrapped around his neck; this was a possible cause of his mental problems. The group’s use of levels is done very well since Derek is represented by a prop which is very small and his parents are above him with the doctor and the reminiscing Derek is sitting away from the flashback – this was representing how far away from his family he is. This scene was very effective at emphasising Derek’s innocence, since babies are usually associated with purity. However, I think the scene could’ve been improved if the doctor faced the audience, unless that was an intentional way of showing that this character isn’t as important. The second scene isn’t as long but it shows how Derek’s personality has been developing. He is playing with his toys on the floor and he looks very happy and clueless. His parents come in to talk to Derek’s teacher, who informs them about Derek’s disabilities. The vulnerable side of Derek is seen because of the use of levels – the parents and the teacher are yet again on a higher level then Derek, making them seem like they’re in control of the situation. The scene could have been improved if more emotion was shown in the shock after Derek’s parents found out about his disabilities. If they hugged to comfort each other of they walked over to Derek himself, it would really show what kind of loving environment Derek grew up in. In the third scene Derek is in secondary school messing around in the corridors with Chris. They soon get caught by a teacher and Chris runs off, leaving Derek to take the blame. The scene isn’t done as well as the other scenes; the use of voice isn’t clear because sometimes Derek and Chris are shouting and sometimes it’s not easy to understand the dialogue between the two. The character of the teacher does a good job at showing the anger and annoyance in the boys. The fourth and fifth scenes merge into one scene which makes it confusing for the audience. The 4th scene only involves Chris and Derek when they’re planning their raid. Chris is trying to convince Derek that it’s a good idea and knows that Derek is going to agree anyway. There is a very quick pause and the 5th scene starts with Chris and Derek climbing up the stairs. The group used imagery props to show they’re climbing. This scene is the pivotal moment of the play, when Chris and Derek get caught by the police. It becomes a bit confusing because everyone is shouting and running around, although at the same time it creates a good scene of panic and a very realistic image of what it most likely would’ve been like in reality. My group focused on the friendship between Chris and Derek. We start the first scene with the pivotal moment of the play, where Derek shouts ‘let him have it Chris’ and Chris shoots the policeman. The scene is a lot like the last scene of the last group – there is a lot of shouting and panic and when the shooting happens, we used a freeze-frame to emphasise the moment. I think we could’ve improved it by having a longer pause in the freeze-frame to make it clear that this is the pivotal moment. The second scene was set when Derek first met Chris at school. They sit in the middle of the table and get Derek gets laughed at by the other children. This scene could be improved if Chris and Derek were sitting on a table away from others, to show that their friendship gets stronger. The third scene uses actors as props; Derek and Chris are now in one of their gardens, trying to build with wooden branches. They look happy and really close as they sit in their new ‘building’. This scene could be improved if body propping was used to build something else and if the levels of Derek and Chris would change from time to time because in some parts of the scene it is clear that Chris is the leader of their friendship. The fourth scene is quite short; it only includes Derek and Chris. Chris is trying very hard to persuade Derek that the raid is a good and safe idea. The use of voice is very effective as Chris’ voice becomes more high-pitched when he talks about how easy the raid is going to be. The use of space, however, is the thing that needed improving; if Chris walked around more to show how great the raid is going to be, it would’ve added more of an affect. The fifth scene goes back to the pivotal moment of the shooting, but this scene is about what happens afterwards. The shooting is now much quicker and the rest of the scene is Chris getting taken away by police. This scene could’ve improved if the scene showed what happened to Derek after the shooting. Overall, both groups had different ideas but both interpreted theirs by using the same techniques. My group used a series of flashbacks to pinpoint Derek and Chris’ friendship and the other group used flashbacks to show the development of Derek’s personality. This workshop had a big impact on how much we knew before and how much we know now. I thought these punishments weren’t happening around present time, but they are and my feelings are very much against this, no matter how bad the crime was.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Alzheimer disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alzheimer disease - Research Paper Example Some symptoms include decline in memory and cognitive abilities of the affected individual. This paper will discuss the causes of Alzheimer, its prevalence, the risk factors, signs and symptoms of the disease. The paper will also look at the prevention and treatment options available to the affected people. Alzheimer’s disease Introduction Ballenger (2006) asserts that Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia that leads to memory loss and cognitive decline. Alzheimer is a neurological disorder associated with degeneration of brain cells among individuals aged 65 years and above. The gradual loss of brain cells results from tangles in nerve cells and beta-amyloid plaques that develop in the brain. Some risk factors that contribute to the disease include having a history of high blood pressure, trauma and stress. Ballenger (2006) asserts that â€Å"some symptoms of the disease as memory loss, impaired thinking, changes in personality and disorientation thus ultimately cont ributes to decline in cognitive functioning and damage of brain cells in the cerebral cortex, p 89. Medical scientists assert that Alzheimer is caused by a combination of lifestyle, genetic and environmental factors that impair the brain over time. However, less than 5 percent of the cases result from genetic changes. In the US, more than 5 million people aged 65 years and above are believed to be living with the disease. According to the 2013 statistical report of Alzheimer’s Association, one-tenth of the citizens aged 65 years and above suffer from the disease while one-third of the citizens aged 85 years and above are living with the disease. According to the Association, the disease accounts for over 60 percent of all cases of dementia (Morgan & Carrasquillo, 2013). Alzheimer disease statistics It is estimated than 5 million Americans of all ages are suffering from the disease with an approximately 200,000 under the age of 65 suffering from the disease. One-tenth of peopl e aged 65 years and above is suffering from the disease while one-third of the people aged more than 85 years old have Alzheimer’s disease (Morgan & Carrasquillo, 2013). The prevalence of the disease among women is high than in men since two-thirds of the individuals suffering from the disease are women (Morgan & Carrasquillo, 2013). The deaths attributed to the disease increased by 68 percent between 2000 and 2010 while those attributed to other heart-related diseases declined by 16 percent. The number of people living with Alzheimer is estimated to increase by 40 percent to 7.1 million by 2050 (Morgan & Carrasquillo, 2013). Currently, the disease is the sixth largest cause of death in the US. The causes of Alzheimer disease Alzheimer is a neurodegenerative disease that is caused by death of brain cells that happens over a long period of time. According to Dash and Villemarette-Pittman (2005), the postmortem or autopsies of victims of the disease often show tiny inclusions o f in the nerve tissue thus suggesting the disease leads to death of the brain cells. Genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors that lead to death of brain cells thus leading to memory loss and decline in cognitive functioning of the individual (Welsh, 2006). Risk factors One of the risk factors that lead to Alzheimer is family history and genetics of an individual. Risk genes and deterministic genes influence the likelihood of developing the disease (Welsh, 2006). The risk genes is the apolipoprotein E-e4

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Alexander the Great and Wellington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alexander the Great and Wellington - Essay Example They are expected to deliver the outcome that is positive to the society, thus enduring a formidable character to mange troops of soldiers to ensure that the outcome is achieved. Alexander and Wellington are among the historical leaders that go down in the generalship of armies as men with distinct character and personalities, leadership qualities and distinctive military philosophies. Both Alexander and Wellington, possessed personal leadership skills, which was exhibited by their superior bravery, broader knowledge, faster initiative and a better readiness to acknowledge responsibility, within the battle field. It is because of their superior courage that they were able to overpower their nemeses relentlessly until they achieved victory in the battle field. Because of their extraordinary courage they inspired their soldiers immensely and led by example while in the battle field. Their immense courage was displayed in the war at Trye, located in contemporary Lebanon reducing the str ongest and influential port in the Mediterranean in a battle that lasted for seven months and witnessed a mass slaughter of natives of the port, in the case of Alexander and the war at waterloo in the case of Wellington (Keegan, 26). The two leaders were also had a commendable understanding with their soldiers. They were more of companions as witnessed when for instance; they shared meals together as pals. They had trusted friends, who were mostly private companions that they associated with, all their life, and rarely exhibited self doubt, even when faced with difficult challenges. The two leaders did not misuse or mistreat their soldiers. They understood that they were humans and treated them as such to accomplish cooperation, respect as well as inspire. This enabled them to attend to the wounded and compliment exemplary work. They understood and accepted the weaknesses of their soldiers, their fears and selfishness which inclined toward the easier way and strived to counter these difficulties and ensure that their troops were on track and ready to fight. Leadership qualities Through their courage, the two leaders led their soldiers through inspiring and placed themselves, in the forefront of the battle line. Alexander inspired and bound heroic ideal by situating initially frightfully close and eventually in the forefront of the battle line risking his life, comparatively Wellington also commanded his army from close at hand thus inspiring them. These exhibits how these generals were risk takers. Speaking to his army Alexander said â€Å"I have no part of my body in front at least that is left without scars; there is no weapon, used at close quarters, or hurled from afar, of which I do not carry the mark. I have been wounded by the sword, shot with arrows, struck from a catapult, smitten many times with stones and clubs — for you, for your glory, for your wealth (homepage.eircom.net, 1)." These indicate what he went through as a leader of the soldier s. The two generals exhibited their leadership qualities as they managed to unite their troops and successfully manage them during the war. They managed their army in a considerably practical and psychological sensitivity. They ensured that their armies were well fed, entertained, flattered, well rested, rewarded and punished when they had to punish them. This ensured that they maintained the command of the army as well as outlined

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Charles Goodyear Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Charles Goodyear - Research Paper Example In truth, his story is an inspirational application of scientific principles to economic reality, with Goodyear’s frequent and often futile attempts to secure capital to apply his ideas to abundance in everyday life. However, only after his death would rubber become an everyday product and a massive industry of production. In 1898, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company took Goodyear’s name in commemoration of his achievement. Thus, even though Goodyear never applied his invention to the mass market as other great inventors did in 19th century America, it is still fair to say that Goodyear lived the American dream of experimenting with science to better mankind. Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 29, 1800 to a well-respected, upper-class family. In 1814, the teenage Goodyear left for Philadelphia to learn about industry; returning in 1821, Goodyear entered into a partnership in his father’s business producing various metal-based products. Three years later, Goodyear married Clarissa Beecher and together they moved to Philadelphia where Goodyear, having left his father’s business, opened a general hardware store. He sold agricultural products imported from England. Within a few years, his business was thriving, and by 1829, he had amassed quite a bit of wealth. In 1829, however, his health declined due to a case of dyspepsia, a disease that attacks the digestive system and causes chronic pain in the upper abdomen. Around this time, his business failed as well; eventually, he was forced to close a number of stores. After his health returned, Goodyear undertook a project that would form the basis of his lifeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s work: the vulcanization process of rubber (Peirce). In 1831, Goodyear began researching gum elastic. He experimented with the best method to make rubber; he produced tubes to show to the Roxbury Rubber

The of T.S. Eliot on Derek Walcott & Edward (Kamu) Brathwaite.Charles Essay

The of T.S. Eliot on Derek Walcott & Edward (Kamu) Brathwaite.Charles E - Essay Example To meet Pound and get introduced to Yeats Eliot emigrated to London. Here Bathwaite and Walcott overheard the conversation in which Eliot learnt about the relationship between poetry and speech, live by the technology called phonograph. Brathwaite came to hear "Eliot's actual voice - or rather his recorded voice property of the British Council (Barbados)", it gave a "poetic breakthrough" which he memorized where Eliot read "The Love song of the J.Alfred Prufrock", The Waste Land, and later the Four Quartets" (History of the Voice). Walcott lists that one of his most noteworthy memories of the adolescence (Leaving School) is "the Eliot's recording of the Four Quartets". For Brathwaite and Walcot listening to Eliot is equivalent to reading his texts by which their ability to understand the relationship of poetry to speech has developed. For Brathwaite and Walcott the question of language is as important as the tradition.

Friday, July 26, 2019

Hypnotherapy and Smoking Cessation How Effective Is It Essay

Hypnotherapy and Smoking Cessation How Effective Is It - Essay Example It is not considered useful for physical problems but is said to help if there is any kind of psychological aspect, for instance, phantom pain from an amputated leg. It can help, but it is not a cure. According to one advocate of hypnotherapy, the process is more than hypnosis. It is a partnership between practitioner and patient (Annamalay 1). Even so, the willingness of the client to share control with the practitioner is paramount. The main question becomes: Is hypnotherapy a useful technique or is it actually a profession, a business set up for profit with no real guarantees, even though money-back guarantees are rampant Is it considered a legitimate process in the health field This essay will attempt to explore the hypnotherapist's role in smoking cessation, how much depends on the client personally, how effective the process has been and whether it is a proven source of help for the smoker to cure his or her addiction. Can one discuss hypnotherapy in the 21st century without acknowledging it as part of holistic health The debate continues as to whether or not hypnotherapy is a preferred treatment for tobacco addiction. It must be noted that smoking is an addiction developed over time, basically through dependence on nicotine, a known addictive drug. This physical need, however, can be overcome if a person truly wants to stop smoking and is determined to benefit from any treatment offered. In the area of hypnotherapy, the ability of a person to be hypnotised is based on the willingness of the subject to allow himself or herself to be hypnotised. Therefore the success or failure of such a process is entirely up to the person being hypnotised. Once the hypnosis is successful, the therapist can be helpful in treating phobias, weight problems, insomnia, anxiety and stress in addition to bringing about smoking cessation. Current Development of Hypnotherapy in Smoking Cessation In modern therapy, Ericksonian hypnotherapy is well known in the field. The process was instituted by Milton H. Erickson, an MD who treated many patients using hypnotic techniques and did his best to document his achievements (Hypnotherapy: History, par. 4). He is highly respected in his field, and the process he developed truly can be called a technique. This type of therapy treats the client based on the unique qualities of the individual's needs. Erickson considered the experience of trance or hypnosis a natural, everyday experience; similar to learning to drive or ride a bicycle and finding it has suddenly become a reflexive action. One can also relive or re-experience an event by bringing it into the present through memory. Erickson further challenged the notion that some people could not be hypnotised and believed that interaction with the client would give them the ability to enter into their own treatment, thereby allowing hypnosis to take place (Johnson, 2, 4). The availability of hypnotherapy at present pretty much depends on the financial status of the person wishing to engage a therapist. Most clinics offering the service are privately owned, and the cost can be anything from 30 to 200 an hour. To get hypnotherapy treatment under National Health Service (NHS), it

Thursday, July 25, 2019

International Business Environment Assignment Essay

International Business Environment Assignment - Essay Example Outsourcing is viewed by some countries as labour exploitation but a closer look at the impact this practice have to the host country, it is beneficial to the host country in many ways. To start with, there is creation of employment to the host country's population who could otherwise be unemployed if the firm did not relocate to host country. This in turn means there is improved standard of living to the employed individuals as they can now afford a decent life and meet their basic and other needs such as education, health and food. Through employment, people can afford to support themselves and pay taxes to the government through income tax which would be used for social welfare and development purposes. This is the case with American textiles firms in China where they have been able to provide employment to thousands of unemployed Chinese in their factories thus, a source of livelihood. The same case applies to Bangladeshis in Korea who are happy to have found job in American textiles firms in Korea which they save and send some to their family back home. The firm's investment to the host country requires business registration, and meeting other legal requirements which are source of revenue to the host country's government. ... Other countries where firms have been outsourcing labour confirm the positive contributions of these multinational firms to government revenue collection. Multinationals have a tendency of contracting local firms to do for them a number of businesses such as supply of vital locally produced raw materials, transportation, insurance and other services. This in turn has increased the volume of trade in host nations which translate to increase GDP. Shell Oil Company in Nigeria apart from having its own trucks now and then it hires the services of local transporters for critical supplies. This way the firm saves on insurance cost and transport logistics which are the responsibility of the contracted transporters. This is just an oil drop in the sea, there is much more business partnering with local firms where foreign firms are located across the globe. In addition, outsourcing earns the host country foreign exchange through exports of products produced by these companies. The realisation of this venture is of great importance to the host country in improving its balance of trade than when these companies are out of the country. Countries like china, Korea among others, will tell of increased earnings from foreign exchange through exportation of foreign firms products to their home countries markets or elsewhere since most of the products are not meant for local markets. Furthermore, the multinational firms may direct some of their product to the local market thus providing the local consumers with a wider consumer basket to choose from. Variety of goods in the market is a positive business environment and the country may diversify in its consumption thus real socio-economic development. It is a clear phenomenon when we see

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Product and Service Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Product and Service Design - Research Paper Example Limitations of the review can be summarized in the following manner; The researcher is reviewing only chapter 4 but through reading of all the chapters is needed in order to provide comprehensive review of the book. Lack of knowledge about all the aspects covered by William J Stevenson might encourage the researcher to take subjective view while reviewing the book. The researcher is reviewing the 11 Edition (Global Edition) of â€Å"Operations Management† written by William J Stevenson while Chapter number 4 named as â€Å"Product and Service Design† is the topic of discussion in the review. In this chapter, Stevenson (2011) has penned down topics like definition of product design, why companies go for product design, human aspects, cultural aspects, environment sustainability factors, design considerations, different phases of design and production and service design. Before going to the main discussion, let us try to understand credential William J Stevenson who is th e author of the book. Name of the Author and Publisher Dr. Stevenson or William J Stevenson wrote the book â€Å"Operations Management† which was published by McGraw-Hill Education. McGraw-Hill Education is not only the publisher of the book but also they hold distribution right of the book. Dr. Stevenson is an associate professor of Decision Sciences in the College of Business at Rochester Institute of Technology (Stevenson, 2011). The author has years of teaching experience in the field of production/operations management, quality concepts, management science and quality applications and Dr. Stevenson wrote many articles in the field of Management Science and Decision Sciences (Stevenson, 2011). Dr. Stevenson earned M.B.A and PhD in the field of production/operations management from University of Syracuse. It is evident from such descriptions that there might be argument regarding the content of the book written by Dr. Stevenson but there should not be any argument exists r egarding academic qualification of Dr. Stevenson. Objectives and Targeted Audience Every book is written taking into consideration of the requirements of target audience. Simple fact is that every book has its own target audience and success of the book is being considered whether the book meets the expectation of its target reader or not? Now, the question is that what is the objective of the book â€Å"Operations Management† written by William J Stevenson? Another important thing is that who are the target audience for the book? Well, to be honest, the book has been primarily written for college students and university students who want to know about product and service design process. In the first place, the book can be considered as the rudiments of product & service designing process but cannot be considered as scholarly source that can be reviewed and criticized by other academic scholars and industry experts (Stevenson, 2011). According to writer of this review, the bo ok has been written for teaching purpose and focus of the book is not to develop a

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Healthcare Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Healthcare Economics - Essay Example According to the Boston healthcare plans, adults are supposed to gain health coverage and employees too must have this nature of coverage. Similarly, the reform witnessed the merging of the individual health insurance markets and small groups of other related healthcare providers. Through this move, the number of uninsured persons dropped significantly from 8.2 % to 2.7% by the year 2009. It is also worth noting that the recession that occurred did not have a great influence on the healthcare reforms that were passed in the year 2006. According to the reforms, the law required every Massachusetts resident to have a state regulated healthcare insurance protection. Also, the reform bill recommended provision of free insurance healthcare for citizens that earned less than 150% of the state federal poverty level. The people that did not take the state healthcare insurance cover took Medicaid which also played a similar role in insurance. This move largely affected the market and changed several trends in the insurance market. Through the amendment, there was development of independent public authority that was formed to foresee the activities of the healthcare insurance, the connector (Minkler 19). ... Most of the key players in the healthcare industries suffered diminish of their businesses and as a result, they opposed the bill. The state healthcare bill had several effects on a number of people who were operating in the market. Several parts of the reformed insurance plan were changed with the political transformations that took place. For instance, the Romney’s care legislation had tax penalties that were given to residents who did not obtain the insurance plan. Such penalties were also levied on employers that did not offer insurance plan to them especially, those that had more than 10 employees. In 2013 however, the state legislature repealed the legislation and anticipated for a same but a more flexible mandate in PPACA. Similarly, the Obama administration waived off the PPACA mandates as the national employer. The individual penalties that were initially instituted by state were replaced with the provisions of the PPACA. The shape of the health insurance market has g reatly changed in Boston with a number of key players dominating the market. After the entry of the government into the insurance plans, many insurance firms had to change their approaches to delivery of customer services. Thus, they offer more lucrative benefits within their covers to ensure adequate competition in the market. From the above, it is evident that various key market players are currently competing for the insurance tasks of the community. Most of these wage conflicts against the government that is implementing policies that would benefit the citizens but silently hurt the various market players. The major insurers in the Boston market include the Medicaid, Medicare and the state owned PPACA. All these are major players that are currently competing for the insurance needs in

Monday, July 22, 2019

Clarice Lispector’s Women Characters Essay Example for Free

Clarice Lispector’s Women Characters Essay I sat before my glass one day, And conjured up a vision bare, Unlike the aspects glad and gay, That erst were found reflected there- The vision of a woman, wild With more than womanly despair.[1] The Italian feminist writer Elsa Morante stated that: â€Å"One woman’s agony in her room is something so insignificant that it casts no shadow across the great universe†[2]. However true this might be, Clarice Lispector manages to give voice to her female character’s feelings in a such overwhelming way that the reader’s own universe cannot remain indifferent. Reading Lispector’s works, especially her short stories, is like plunging into an apparently innocuous moment of a woman’s life but rapidly and unavoidably be dragged into the unreachable depths and the darkest recesses of her psychology. It never turns out to be a merely pleasure trip. Influenced by existentialist authors, Lispector’s over-riding concern revolves around woman condition in its entirety[3]. It is a definitely complex and multi-faceted matter, which encompasses all the issues of the human condition exasperated by the womanhood’s burdens. Alongside with the unbearable awareness towards the absurdity of life and its revealed lack of meaning, the writer has to deal with the role of the women in a male oriented society, their existential sufferings and failures, the sense of relationships and isolation, their unfulfilled aspirations given up to conform to an imposed social scheme, the ideas of family and alienation, their forlorn hopes and submissiveness. The reader is prompted to ask himself: ‘to what extent is the woman allowed to be herself before becoming the objectification of somebody else’s aspirations?’ The concept of identity is therefore the pivot of all this speculation: Clarice explores the dynamics of self-discovery, the different and always traumatic ways in which her characters find or are forced to face their true authentic self and the conflict these achievements generate in their life. In this essay, I will pay close attention to the object of the mirror, a recurrent image in Lispector’s fiction, where it occupies a key role in the process of â€Å"autoconhecimento e expressà £o, contemplaà §Ãƒ £o e aà §Ãƒ £o, conhecimento das coisas e relaà §Ãƒ µes inter-subjetivas†[4]. In the consideration of this point, I will draw on the psychological theories that explained the phenomenon of visual self-identification, highlighting the correspondences in the behaviour of the woman characters. I will also refer to the literary criticism that handled with the Lispectorian â€Å"potà ªncia mà ¡gica do olhar†[5]. Then, I will focus on the range of feminine figures portrayed in Laà §os de famà ­lia, pointing out how they underwent the experience of self-awareness, what they have in common and where they are different. Finally, I will take into account Clarice’s short article â€Å"Espelho mà ¡gico†, which I found to be a particularly valu able contribution to this analysis and a sort of locking ring to this paper. Let’s start by considering the leitmotif of the mirror and the importance of sight. To try to unfold the copious polysemic connotations that the mirror bears, it is worth briefly considering it under a psychoanalytic point of view. Several are the currents that acknowledged the mirror to be one the most powerful tool in the process of the analysis and identification of the self. Jaques Lacan theorised the famous concept of the â€Å"mirror stage†: the child starts to identify with the reflection of itself, discerning the â€Å"I† in the mirror and the â€Å"I† outside the mirror. Along with OLTRE!!! The identification, however, comes the sense of alienation, due to the perception of the mirror image as an Other self. Experiencing this splitting, the subject keeps searching a constant confirmation of its identity from/by/in the confrontation with other people and objects. By the visual contacts, as a sort of multiplicity of mirrors, the sense of selfhood ca n be reinforced by returned gazes of recognition[6]. The idea that the people interacting with the subject act as mirrors for itself has also been substantiated by Charles Horton Cooley. He went further and advanced the social psychological concept of the looking-glass self, according to which ‘identity is created out of the tension between natural impulses that the individual must actively develop and the social structures that the individual must actively appropriate’[7]. He points out that there are three stages through which a person goes: she/he imagines how she must appear to others, she/he imagines the judgment of that appearance, she/he develops her/him self through the judgments of others[8]. But what happens when the social structures develop a diffused and subjugating system of judgements and bias that deeply interfere with the expression of the individual impulses? The result is deep manipulation of somebody’s own self, where self-denial tendencies usually prevail as a compromise between the two tensions. This is actually what happen to Clarice’s women characters. When they look in the mirror, they see (or glimpse) themselves how they truly are, but also how they are not allowed, or do not dare, to be. This social conditioning is clearly summarised by John Berger: ‘To be born a woman has been to be born, within an allotted and confined space, into the keeping of men. The social presence of woman has developed as a result of their ingenuity in living under such tutelage within such limited space. But this has been at the cost of a woman’s self being split into two. A woman must continually watch herself [†¦] because how she appears to others, and ultimately how she appears to men, is of crucial importance for what is normally thought of as the success of her life’[9] Bearing in mind these concepts, let’s now delve into the feminine universe of Laà §os de famà ­lia. The first aspects to remark is that Lispector’s characters are never stereotypical women. They cannot be enclosed in any womanly clichà ©, even if they share the same experiences and they sometimes seem to be facets of the same person. Clarice introduces the reader to different women, or again different stages in life of only one: daughter, adolescent, wife, mistress, mother, grandmother. Emotional detachment is one of the thing they have in common. They all show unsolvable inability to connect with others in a deep and meaningful way. Although being present and even physically close to their families, they are not emotionally present in the relationships. They dissociate, both experiencing emotional numbing, both restraining their own true feeling. Moreover, they do not find a reliable interlocutor in their partners or friends, because the image that the latter project on them is distorted and limited to the role they unconsciously or not impose on them. As previously illustrated, the achievement of self-identity requires an interchanging dialogical recognition between one I and one other that acknowledge that I as a whole[10]. Clarice’s women are left alone. Nevertheless, even when they seem to live the identity they have been given (therefore being self-denial), their true inner self, their real subjectivity suddenly bursts out. There is a kind of fil rouge that pools all the short stories: the narrative nucleus is represented by a moment of conflictive tension, an interior crisis, a rupture. At times, it is sufficient the most trifling event to trigger an epiphany, an instant of dramatic awareness. Everything that has been kept suppressed explode in a flood of thoughts, reminiscences and revelations. The body abruptly paralyses and time stands still: life is revealed, meaning is lost, the measure of identity and freedom are found. But understanding is a responsibility, and Clarice pushes her characters to their limits. They hang on the balance between stepping back or going beyond: utterly disoriented, they face the danger of living. Regarding this point, Professor Earl E. Fitz explains that: ‘they come to grips with themselves, with who and what they really are and, finally, react to this unexpectedly experienced flash of insight by either rejecting the â€Å"new self† that would emerge or by actually undertaking the creation of a new self, a new and authentic identity. [†¦] But the price of real freedom is always high and appears in Lispector’s fiction as the discomforting and solipsistic realisation that we are all alone, isolated in our solitude, and tormented by the need to communicate’[11]. Epiphanies, alienation and incommunicability show close affinities with the literary world depicted by Sartre and Camus. The encounter of the conscience with the reality, more specifically with the experience of the Absurd and the sense of meaningless of life, always generate unease in the protagonists. Even if Lispector has asserted that her naà ºsea is not the nausà ©e of Sartre[12], the epiphanic moments are associated with upsetting feelings: nausea and daze in Amor, anger in Feliz Aniversà ¡rio, hatred in O bà ºfalo, fear in Preciosidade, nausea and sadness in Devaneio e embriaguez duma rapariga ,nausea and derangement in Imitaà §Ãƒ £o da rosa. Moreover, Lispector’s characters experience these unconscious outburst via their sense of sight, similarly to Sartrian protagonists. In Amor, Ana’s reality suddenly falls apart with the simple view of a blind man chewing a chewing gum on the tram. The sudden braking of the tram is like a tug to her subconscious, the detonator of her repressed unhappiness and her existential in-satisfaction. The woman feels an emotional collapse, she is overwhelmed by nausea and compassion. A moment later, she feels emptied and alienated as she wanders through the Jardim Bà ´tanico. When she manages to get home, her husband takes her by the hand, â€Å"sem olhar para trà ¡s, afastando-a do perigo de viver†[13]. So she comes back to her previous existence, but she has now become aware that she loves her world with repugnance, loathing. She represents the women who are conscious of the fact that something essential is missing in their life, that what they are surrounded by is not what they really wanted, is not enough to fulfil them. At the end of the day she look at herself in the mirror, â€Å"por um instante sem nenhum mundo no coraà §Ãƒ £o. Antes de se deitar, como se apagasse uma vela, soprou a pequena flama do dia.†[14] The process is alike in O bà ºfalo. The unnamed protagonist is destroyed by unreciprocated love. ‘Eu te odeio, disse a mulher, muito depressa, a um homem que nà £o a amava. Mas a mulher sà ³ sabia amar e perdoar, e se aquela mulher perdoasse mais uma vez, uma sà ³ vez que fosse, sua vida estaria perdida’. In order to bear the pain, she tries to learn how to hate by the wild nature of the animals. Wandering in a zoo, she encounters a buffalo (something close to the male sexual symbology). â€Å"Ela nà £o olhou a cara. [†¦] Olhou os seus olhos. E os olhos do bà ºfalo, os olhos olharam seus olhos†. The climax is achieved by the visual contact between their eyes. She feels so jarred that she faints. The condition of woman victim of love finds its catharsis in this epiphany closed to sexual ecstasy. Visual contact and self-perception take on another nuance in Preciosidade. The protagonist is an adolescent girl, who tries to avoid having anyone look at her. She feels she must protect an ambiguous preciousness she owns. Either it is referred to her virginity or simply to her being a girl, by eschewing male’s gazes she knows she will keep from becoming an objectification of their desire. More complex are the eye contacts in the short story Laà §os de famà ­lia. The title includes the emblematic essence of family relationships. The semantic ambivalence of laà §os can either be seen in a positive way, â€Å"love bonds†, or in a negative one, like â€Å"binding chains†. The protagonist Catarina and her mother epitomise this ambivalence, in living their strained relationship as a mother and as an adult daughter. Sentiments are no longer expressed, love mixes with hate, visual contact is unbearable. Waiting for the train to leave, the mother looks at herself in pocket mirror to fill the emptiness left by the lack of communication with Catarina. Once home, Catarina take a walk with her son, tying him to her in another noxious kind of love binding. Very important is the figure of the husband, left out, excluded. He need her, but awkwardly tries to exercise his apparent power to show off his role. Another strongly symbolic story is Imitaà §Ãƒ £o da rosa. The protagonist is Laura, a woman who experienced a rupture, both physical with a nervous breakdown, both social, not being able to adhere again at the role of wife she used to perform before her illness. The character is therefore divided between two attitudes: the â€Å"impersonal† woman, who tries to be obedient to the established pattern of being a wife, and the â€Å"personal† woman, that breaks the contract and the social expectation codes. Roberto Corrà ªa dos Santos[15] analyses the duplicity of Laura’s nature and the reflection it has on the relationship with her husband. Corrà ªa dos Santos divides her feelings and her behaviours in two moments: the â€Å"Tempo de obedià ªncia† and the â€Å"Tempo de ruptura†. During the â€Å"Tempo de obedià ªncia†, the attitude of her husband towards Laura shows a man â€Å"esquecido de sua mulher, em paz, recostado com bandono† whereas Laura is â€Å"submissa, atende o marido de braà §o dado, fala sobre coisas de mulheres†. During the â€Å"tempo de ruptura†, the husband turns out to be â€Å"cansado e perplexo, mudo de preocupaà §Ãƒ £o, tà ­mido, com um hà ¡lito infeliz†, while she becomes â€Å"super-humana, tranqà ¼ila em seu isolamento brilhante, como un barco tranqà ¼ilo, de perfeià §Ãƒ £o acordata†[16]. Like the example of Carlota’s husband, Laura’s husband metaphorically shrinks the more and more his wife finds her dimension of self-confidence. Fitz, E. Earl sums up: â€Å"Consistent with Lispector’s view that each of us fight a battle for control of the chaos that envelops us, she shows poignantly how the woman in the story is growing in terms of consciousness and self-understanding (tangled as this itself is) while the man with whom she is living [†¦] is stupidly and dully trapped in his own uninteresting view of reality, [†¦] dominated by the spurious â€Å"clarity† of his conventional thought, his socially prescribed clichà ©s and unoriginal thinking†[17] In addition to these considerations, it is relevant to stress that the concept of the mirror as fundamental tool in the process of self-perception has also been taken up by Clarice outside her fictional work. Espelho mà ¡gico is short article she wrote when she contributed to Dià ¡rio da Noite. It was published in 1960, in a culumn entitled â€Å"Sà ³ para mulheres†, which suggests a hidden feminine complicity that strengthens the message the author wants to conveyed: Nà £o à © sà ³ o espelho da madrasta de Branca de Neve que à © mà ¡gico. A verdade à © que todo espelho tem a mesma magia. [†¦] Vocà ª nà £o hà ¡ de perguntar: â€Å"Quem à © mais bela do que eu†. O melhor à © perguntar ao espelho: â€Å"Como posso ficar mais bela do que eu?† Eis os ingredientes para um espelho mà ¡gico: 1) um espelho propriamente dito, de preferà ªncia daqueles de corpo inteiro; 2) vocà ª mesma diante do espelho; 3) coragem. [†¦] Coragem para se ver, em vez de se imaginar. Sà ³ depois de se enxergar realmente, à © que vocà ª poderà ¡ comeà §ar a se imaginar. [†¦]Mas lembre-se: a imaginaà §Ãƒ £o sà ³ nos serve quando baseada na realidade. Seu â€Å"material de trabalho† à © a realidade a respeito de vocà ª mesma. Nà £o vou lhe dizer o que vocà ª deve fazer para melhorar de aparà ªncia. Nà £o tenho a pretensà £o de ensinar peixe a nadar. E sà ³ uma coisa à © que vocà ª nà £o sabe: que vocà ª sabe nadar. Quero dizer, se vocà ª tiver confianà §a em vocà ª mesma, descobrirà ¡ que sabe muito mais do que pensa. Mas, de qualquer modo, estarei aqui para ajudar a vocà ª a nà £o esquecer que sabe. Here, Clarice recurs to the archetype of the magic mirror in the fairy tale, positioning the question of identity in an apparently simple layer of interpretation. The strength of this passage, though, resides in the shifting of the cultural pattern of the identification of the self: the answer is not any more given by the mirror, but acknowledged directly by the person who mirrors herself. Who is answering is indeed the same woman who asked, providing herself with the true measure of her renewed â€Å"I† descried alone, without the need of something (or somebody) else who sees her from the outside. This is the new espelho mà ¡gico Clarice hopes for, where the magic comes from the other side on the glass: the person. More than an article, it becomes a suggestion, an exhortation. It takes some efforts, some coragem para se ver, se enxergar, but this is necessary in order to build a new parameter for the individual existence, a new pattern of legitimisation of the self. It is the only way for women to ged rid of the old and tight social and cultural paradigms and to confront themselves with new references based on their quotidian choices and prerogatives. A new perspective is offered, where beauty stops being a primary attribute and leaves its place to self-confidence and fortitude. This new woman holds in her hands a â€Å"material de trabalho†, the realidade a respeito de si mesma. She could represent a new possible social feminine figure, who believes in her capability to promote a change and to be in charge of her own destiny. While in her stories she often left her characters helpless and powerless in front of their mirrors, in the real world Clarice let this mirror become a threshold towards a higher dimension, like an open portal in front of the woman. The article end is contract-like: women will try to operate this transformation and the author will watch over her, with her novels and stories. For the aforementioned reasons, there is no doubt that Lispector’s fictional universe is as wide and deep as the themes it deals with. To understand how her complex feminine characters perceive themselves, it is necessary to take into account the issue of the human condition in its entirety, applied to the point of view of women. Nonetheless, every story she wrote encompasses a multitude of smaller senses and significances, so that more than one reading is needed in order to disclose all of them. Every reader can easily agree with Hà ©là ¨ne Cixous, who stated that: â€Å"Clarice’s text, like Kafka’s, are not narratives. They contain a secret, a lesson. But this secret and this lesson are dispersed in the verbal space in such a way that the meaning cannot be apprehended at a first reading.†[18] Psychoanalytic perspective helps to explain her literary explorations of the question of identity, the importance of sight, and the self-perception her characters achieve in their reflection in the mirror or in someone else’s eyes. The in-depth analysis of the women in Laà §os de famà ­lia also provides a comprehensive picture of Clarice’s profound sensibility and complex psychology. The plot, the setting, the description of the characters and their relational dynamics epitomises Lispectorian imaginary. As far as the mirror is concerned, it undoubtedly hold an important position in Clarice’s symbolism and recurs also in her non-fictional works. The article Espelho mà ¡gico represents a significant contribution in the comprehension of her Weltanschauung, and creates a concrete link between her imaginative world and the tangible reality. [1] Mary Elizabeth Coleridge The Other Side of a Mirror, 1896 [2] Elsa Morante, Arturo’s Island, p. 187 [3] Lispector does not actually represent all women in her text, but she rather focuses on the ones she belongs to and presumably knows the most: the middle-class white urban women. With the expression â€Å"woman condition in its entirety† I mean the whole range of feminine experiences a given woman can go through during her life. [4] Nunes, Benedito, Clarice Lispector. Sà £o Paulo: Edià §Ãƒ µes Quà ­ron, 1973 p. 95 [5] Ibid, p. 95 [6] Lacan, Jaques, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin. 1994 p 70-72 [7] Cooley, Charles H. On Self and Social Organization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 p 20 [8] Cooley, Charles H. Human Nature and the Social Order. New York: Scribners, 1902. pp. 183-184 [9] Berger, John, Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin, 1972 [10] See also: Psychology of Self. Kohut, Heinz The Analysis of the Self. New York: International Universities Press, 1971 [11] Fitz, E. Earl Clarice Lispector. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985, p. 48 [12] Lowe, Elizabeth. The Passion According to C.L.: Elizabeth Lowe interviews Clarice Lispector. Review, 24: p 36 [13] Lispector, Clarice, Laà §os de Famà ­lia. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Josà © Olympio Editora S.A., 1976 p 24 [14] Ibid, p 26 [15] Corrà ªa dos Santos, Roberto Lendo Clarice Lispector. Sà £o Paulo: Atual Editora LTDA, 1986 p. 21 [16] Lispector, Clarice, Laà §os de Famà ­lia. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Josà © Olympio Editora S.A., 1976 p 36-40 [17] Fitz, E. Earl Clarice Lispector. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985, p. 44 [18] Cixous, Hà ©là ¨ne, Reading with Clarice Lispector. Trans. By Verena Andermatt Conley. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990 p 98

Gorbachev & Soviet Union Essay Example for Free

Gorbachev Soviet Union Essay The disintegration of the Soviet Union was an inevitable matter, and neither the 1991 coup could have prevented it even if it were successful. There were other factors too that contributed to the disintegration of the Soviet. However, Gorbachev had the power to prevent the Soviet from disintegrating, had he acted in a different way than he did after the coup. The coup fails On 19th August, some of the ministers who served Gorbachev, including the minister of defense, Yazov, the minister of internal affairs, Pugo and the head of KGB (Komityet Gosudarstvjennoj Biezopasnost), proclaimed state of emergency. They announced that Gorbachev’s health was a hindrance to his leadership duties, and that due to the poor political and economic situations in the country, a state committee had assumed economic powers. They also sent out messages that no one should disobey the orders of the committee. The leaders isolated Gorbachev in the president’s holiday villa at the Black sea. They also took over the radio and television stations, and instructed the military to roll over tanks in Moscow. The coup was however a failure as some of its members were not confident that it would be a success. Counterargument The failure of the coup radically accelerated the disintegration of the USSR. Also, all of the major organizations and mechanisms that were holding the USSR together, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the KGB, the military, the police, and the office of the presidency, were weakened. They also could not stop the disintegration of the Union because even before the coup was organized, already there were signs of its failure. Therefore, whether the coup happened or not, the disintegration would have occurred anyway. The failed August 1991 coup gave a sharp impetus to the process of the disintegration of the Soviet Union because by the end of the year the USSR had collapsed. Questions have been asked as to why the armed forces never intervened to stop the collapse of the USSR. The answer to this is because the coup and its aftermath increased splits in the armed forces, particularly along ethnic lines. There was also the belief that the coup attempt would fail and that the instigators of a military putsch would be punished. (Treisman 22) What Gorbachev could have done to prevent the disintegration Had Gorbachev acted differently, had he opposed and imprisoned the radicals instead of flirting with them, the USSR might have survived. The author says that the survival of the Soviet Union hinged on the personal determination of one person- Gorbachev’s ability to take advantage of all the powers at his disposal as president of the Soviet Union. Unlimited power as now concentrated in the hands of the general secretary/ president, who, being endowed with emergency powers could have carried out any reforms, completed perestroika, and achieved the same results within a very short time without disintegrating the Union. Gorbachev, like other leaders such as Yakovlev, or Shevardnadze, is said to have realized that the old system could not be maintained without bloodshed and institutionalized terror. The former leader was surrounded by opportunists, and narrow minded bureaucrats who couldn’t accept the end of their privileges. He did not get rid of his subordinates who were a threat to him and the Soviet. Many people did not want the Union to disintegrate, so they hated him because of his refusal to act despotically even if the stake was the future of the Soviet. Counterargument It is argued that perestroika would have been impossible without the leadership of Gorbachev. However, I disagree with this. Gorbachev would have introduced new reforms and enforced them on people, but this too failed. However, it is likely that the entire history of the Soviet Union would be different if someone else would have been in the position. Someone who understood what really needed to be done. Likewise, if someone outside the party leadership had suggested the sort of reforms that Gorbachev instituted, the powerful politburo would never have allowed the individual to remain in power. Because party officials recognized Gorbachev’s loyalty to the Soviet system and to socialism as a world view, they reluctantly endorsed perestroika. As a result of what would have been seen as mistaken judgment, party officials would therefore be extremely diligent in choosing future leaders of the party and would shy away from charismatic, forward thinking leaders. Instead, they would favor reactionary hard-liners for all leadership positions. If Gorbachev had followed the pattern set by Khrushchev and initiated reforms while keeping the reins of control tightly in his own hands, neither the central government nor the republics would have been in a position to quest or resist changes that resulted from the implementation of Perestroika. Another change that might have prevented the dissolution of the Soviet Union would have been for Gorbachev never to have introduced glasnost, which created an unfettered and critical media that in turn fostered a public ready to revolt. Without glasnost, the actions of Soviet leaders would have remained free of public reproach, and Gorbachev would have been able to force the people to comply with his reforms. An uninformed public would have trusted the Soviet government to act in their best interests. Aware of what Gorbachev could have done differently, the hard-liners would have been determined to avoid those same mistakes. With dissidents again in exile or strictly limited in their contact with the outside world and with tightly censored media, the hardliners would have been able to control ongoing influences on public opinion. All forms of Western media would have been banned from the Soviet Union. However, since the people had been exposed to liberalizing forces, the hard-liners would have been forced to resort to Stalin-like tactics to a stamp out all dissent and terrorize the population into submission. (Treisman 25) Conclusion In general, it could be said that Gorbachev’s strategies of leadership were unsuccessful. Although he made a difference in the history of Soviet Union, it is during his era that the soviet disintegrated. Although there were things that he could have done to prevent this, he preferred leading in his own way. His weaknesses are especially seen where the organizers of the coup were not immediately prosecuted. He was also unable to enforce the reforms that could have prevented the Soviet from disintegrating. He would also have denied people the freedom to demonstrate and rebel against authorities. This never happened, as the soviets had become enlightened and knew demonstrations and strikes were their key to freedom. The history of the Soviet Union should be a good indicator of the reasons why we need to choose leaders we can trust to lead us wisely. Works cited 1) Treisman Daniel, The Return: Russia’s Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev, Daniel Treisman, 2009

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Teamwork Is The Key Ingredient Of Organisations Success Management Essay

Teamwork Is The Key Ingredient Of Organisations Success Management Essay In contemporary society, there is no doubt that teams are a ubiquitous feature of modern organisations and teamwork becomes a key ingredient of organisations success. However, there has been a hot controversy over an issue over the question of whether people working in teams always achieve their goals more efficiently and effectively than people working alone. Majority of organisational scholars provide a body of research to empirically prove that teams work better than people working alone whereas only minority of scholars strongly support that people who choose to work individually have a great deal of strengths rather than shortcomings. As a matter of fact, there are no absolutely rights and wrongs in all cases. Different people with various backgrounds and cultures have their own points of views perceiving things in a different way. Some lend support on collectivism or some are in favor of individualism. People with strong collectivist or individualist culture are all dependent u pon their normative culture norm which is determinant of how team function and development are being undertaking. Introduction This essay discusses whether it is true that people working in teams always achieve their goals more efficiently and effectively than people working alone and examines what similarities and differences are existent between people working in teams and people who working individually. This report builds several themes. It first of all defines what is meant by between people working in teams and people working alone. Secondly, it analyses the main issues discussed in the existing literature regarding goal setting, goal generation and goal striving at both team and individual level. Thirdly, it brings some arguments to demonstrate that teams tend to perform better and effectively rather than individuals do in terms of shared collaborative thinking, knowledge and skills, better decisions making and higher level of motivation. Fourthly, several possible failures of being involved in teamwork are also delineated. Subsequently, particular theories of team development apply across different c ultures are addressed. In addition, practical successful examples relating to team development from University experience is given. Finally, several important points addressed in the foregoing discussion are overall reminded in the implication section. Key findings from the literature Define team and people working alone Generally, team is defined as a distinguishable people who interact, dynamically, interdependently, and adaptively toward a common purpose and a set of valued goals or objectives, who hold themselves mutually accountable, and who have a limited life-span of membership (Salas, Dickinson, Converse and Tannenbaum 1992). That definition explicitly stands on the discipline that teams must share to be effective and efficient. On the contrary, people who prefer to work individually exert individual efforts toward personal valued goals and outcomes. Individuals are merely willing to work hard on their own task to the degree that they expect their efforts to be instrumental in obtaining outcomes that they value personally. Goal setting, Goal generation and Goal striving There is a body of research on the theories of team and individual motivation, their goal generation and their goal striving processes as well as their interrelations (Locke and Latham 1990). At a team level, team members generate common goals through consensus agreement and then take collective and coordinated actions towards accomplishing their goals. Team goal generation and goal striving involves a series of processes of analysis of the teams mission, specifying and prioritizing goals, and formulating plans for accomplishing team goals (Chen and Kanfer 2006). Similarly, individuals also establish a bundle of goals and designate subordinate task and plans which are perceived to be necessary for goal accomplishment. Even though individuals go through individual level goal generation, striving, they work on all these processes by themselves without others assistance and support. Nevertheless, team and individual goal accomplishment could be far more different. All processes in team goal generation, striving and accomplishment are built on shared or common interactions among team members. Most scholars only support teamwork that goal generation and goal striving can be meaningful when team members come to consensus with shared belief and effective team dynamics and coordinate their collective effort towards accomplishing common goals. Teams are more effective than individuals acting alone in terms of shared collective thinking, knowledge and skills, shared responsibility, better decisions making, higher level of motivation and having a leader. Shared collective thinking, knowledge and skills An adequate pooling of collaborative thinking, knowledge and skills from a number of people are the key elements of building an effective teamwork. Effective collaborative thinking and knowledge with various skills in different specific fields are collectively collected transforming into effective team understanding and decision making. Teams are particularly good at combining talents and providing innovative solutions to possibly unfamiliar problems. Compared with people who prefer working alone, they have limited ideas, knowledge and skills to accomplish a task. Hence, the wider knowledge and skills set of the team has a distinct advantage over that of the individuals since the individual level of understanding, problem solving and decision making are of lower quality. Better decisions making Teams are always deemed that they can make better decisions than individuals and team decision making has long been lauded as a vehicle for increasing participation, perceptions of fairness, and acceptance of decision outcomes (Brodbeck et al. 2007). Keyton and Beck (2008) argue that effective teams tend to produce evaluation of decisions which is often favored over analysis of the interaction so they are ones that make the best, correct and right decision according to some objectified standard. However, there is a possibility of individuals having some biased minds or subjective perspective to make decisions without sharing ideas with others. Those people do not have clear mind to identify, explore, and modify their value use to set goals and that influences goal accomplishment. Higher level of motivation Effective teams have higher motivation and performance levels than individual acting alone because of the effect of social facilitation. That is people are more energized and active when they are around other people (Carlopio and Andrewarthur 2008). The team process leads to a spirit of coordination, cooperation and commonly shared belief and value. Team members hold the spirit to help each other to be efficient working together. Their desired performance and outcomes are enhanced by their mutual support. With respect of individual motivation, each individual needs to adequately manage his or her own emotional equilibrium and affective reactions so as to perform appropriately. Individual obstacles to the attainment of goals that cannot be overcome through greater allocations of effort may in turn affect affective emotions; instigate revision and abandonment of broad goals. Therefore, it is not easy for individuals to motivate themselves to continue endeavoring toward accomplishing th e same desired goal when faced with obstacles. In addition, the big difference between people working in team and people working alone is that there is always a team leader who is responsible for guiding, directing and supervising team members actual effort to work in team. Team goal striving are then reinforced by the team leader. Several possible failures of working in team Nevertheless, teams are not panaceas that do not have flaws and mistakes are common in team building and development. In Hackman studies of team, he finds that not providing team members in autonomy, taking advantages of team to make all decisions instead of neglecting individuals make decisions when appropriate, recognizing and rewarding individuals instead of team, not boosting independence among team members, failing to be familiar with members and allocate member roles, not providing needed resources for the team are all common mistakes. Interdependence and interaction are key elements in teams. More team members involved in a team may inevitably encounter irreconcilable conflicts which lead to poor team performance. Poor communication, lack of trust, team commitment and team alignment, lack of collaboration and cooperation are major factors that violate some basic principles of team development. They are likely to generate and create confusion and frustration for team members, a nd that make them difficulty to exert collaborative effort to reach the desired goals and outcomes. How different cultures influence team development One of the most important influences on group effectiveness is culture norms represented in the team. Different cultures have different orientations toward what is appropriate in terms of team function and development (Thomas et al 1996). Individuals with different cultures are likely to have very different standpoints of how the team should go about the task, how they should interact with other team members, how member should behave in such a way to achieve the team goals. Many literature reviews focus on the distinction between individualism and collectivism introduced into cultural studies by Hofstede (1980). Individualism is regarded as the tendency to treat the self as the most significant social unit in contrast to collectivism is deemed as the tendency to treat the group to which one belongs, such as the family or work team, as the most significant social unit (Boreham 2004). United Stated is a typical example of an individualistic culture embedded with the self and equality. This culture is characterized by team patterns of behaviors that emphasize equality in resource sharing according to contribution and distribution of resources equally among members (Fiske 1990). Japan is rooted by collectivistic culture and characterized by team patterns of relationships that emphasize communal resource sharing and sacrifice for the team feature prominently (Thomas 2008). Hence, cultures with individualism and collectivism differ in ways in which they designate how their team functions toward achieving their team goals by using their normative belief. Practical examples Through several years of University life, I have gained a great deal of experience of working in teams. It is convincing to make me believe that working in teams is much better than working individually since the level of effectiveness and efficiency of performance were higher and goal achievement is much possible. One of my experiences on working in team, I was extremely satisfied with the entire team development and the outcome we strived toward in the end. We did successfully go through all the basic stages of team development which were forming, storming, confronting and performance. In the forming stage, we oriented all team members, established a clear team purpose, and elected a team leader who had the talent of leadership skills. In the storming stage, we clarified each members role by examining members weaknesses and strengths, established groupthink, and managed conflict. In confrontation stage, we provided feedback, motivated each other and maintained team cohesion. Finall y, we fostered continuous improvement and innovation encouraged introspection. Another experience was working on a big project by myself. A sense of frustration and helplessness were gained at the very start and until the end. There were no others assistance and support, no incentives to achieve the goals that I set, no feedback given to see if the project has been undergone in an appropriate way. As a consequence, performance was affected by my sense of frustration and an average mark for the project was given. Implications For the foregoing discussion, the similarity and differences are existent between people working in teams and people working individually have been examined above. Basically teams usually have goal setting, goal generation and goal striving as well as individuals. The attainment of the goal requires collaboration among members whereas individuals need to set and plan to achieve them by themselves. However, collective and collaborative effort may not be congruent with individual effort. More possibly, the former one works better than the latter one in terms of its goal accomplishment. Additionally, having shared collaborative thinking, more pool of knowledge and skills, better decisions making and higher level of motivation in teams may have an advantage over individuals who prefer working alone. Furthermore, culture is also vital element in determining how teams develop from the start to the end. People with a culture high in collectivism tend to work in teams toward a common and con sensus goal whereas people with a culture high in individualism stand for working alone toward his or her own goals. Conclusion To sum up, this essay has discussed whether people working in teams always achieve their goals more efficiently and effectively than people working alone. A comparative analysis on goal setting, goal generation and goal striving at team level and individual level has been delineated. Subsequently, the essay has explored some factors of why teams performing better and effectively rather than individuals do by using some examples of shared collaborative thinking, knowledge and skills, decision making and level of motivation. However, it has also pointed out that common mistakes always take place in teams so as to prove teams have flaws at times. Moreover, the essay has also explained that different cultural normative beliefs influence team function and development significantly. People tend to prefer working in teams or working individually depends upon whether they are rooted in collectivistic or individualistic culture.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Thermosyphons :: physics

Tasked with the quest to economically and efficiently extend civilization into the Northern regions, the construction industry has been hindered by the presence of perennially frozen ground. The thermosyphon is a device that facilitates the harmonious union of structure and ice. This paper will serve as a tutorial on thermosyphons, and present an exploration into the physical concepts that allow their operation. The physical concepts and phenomenon that enable the operation of thermosyphons can at times be complex-but don’t be scared. This tutorial will start with the most rudimentary explanation of thermosyphons, and proceed from there to deliver more in depth examinations in a step by step process. Let’s get right down to business. The steps in thermosyphon operation are: STEP 1-Heat flows into the thermosyphon, STEP 2-Heat flows through the thermosyphon tube, and STEP 3-Heat is released into the atmosphere. Simply stated, a thermosyphon is a device which moves heat from one place to another. There are different types of thermosyphons which are used for different applications, but for the purposes of this primer we will concentrate on thermosyphons used by the construction industry to stabilize frozen ground. For example, consider a road built over permafrost.. In this situation it is desirable to keep the ground from thawing, otherwise the road embankment will be destroyed. A thermosyphon â€Å"collects heat† from the frozen ground. This collected heat is brought to the top of the thermosyphon and the cooling fins, where it is released into the atmosphere. In this way, the ground remains frozen. Now, the thought of frozen soil warming the atmosphere may be hard to grasp. This brings us to an important point about the thermosyphon- they only work when the ambient air temperature is below the temperature of the soil (less than 31 degrees Farenheight). With this in mind, we can consider thermosyphons from a different perspective; a thermosyphon increases the exposure of sub-surface soil to freezing temperatures. Another thought, although not totally correct from a physical standpoint, is that the thermosyphon brings cold into the soil. Let’s examine the thermodynamic process by which a thermosyphon operates. This process is outlined below in a step by step chronology. Step 1-There is an accumulation of the working fluid in the bottom of the thermosyphon. The most important factor that governs the choice of a working fluid is that it must have an extremely low boiling point. Permafrost soil is typically at a temperature of 31F and consequently the fluid boiling point should be less than 31F.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Epic of Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Significance of Scyld Scefing Scyld Scefing often deprived his enemies, many tribes of men, of their mead-benches. He terrified his foes; yet he, as a boy, had been found a waif; fate made amends for that. He prospered under heaven, won praise and honor, until the men of every neighboring tribe, across the whale’s way, were obliged to obey him and pay him tribute. He was a noble king! (BEO 4-11). At first glance to any reader, the above passage that opens Beowulf may seem perplexing. Why is this poet rambling about some other great ruler? In fact, another 50 or so lines are dedicated to this Scefing character. Wasn’t this poem titled Beowulf? It appears that the poet of Beowulf is rambling, ranting unrelated events and apparently digressing from the main topic. However, even though no concrete conclusions or links are presented between Scefing and Beowulf, the reader learns soon enough that the seemingly digressive poet had in truth, slyly and with all intention inserted some indirect indications in the tale of Scefing. As the poem reaches its finale, the reader recognizes in an epiphany the sophisticated construction employed by the poet in the weaving of Scefing as foreshadowing of Beowulf. In retrospect, Scefing is essentially Beowulf himself. It is stated that Scefing is a warrior, a conqueror, gifted the spoils of his enemies as he defeated them. Beowulf was interested in the spoils and trophies of war in a similar fashion, always mindful to bring a piece or two of any recently dominated monsters back with him for display purposes. In addition, the poet mentions the pure prosperity, praise, and honor of Scefing; and in parallel form, the reader is exposed to the wealth, recognition, and reverence for the hero Beowulf. From the double victories over Grendel and his mother to the final battle against the dragon, Beowulf retains his status and his persona as a hero, a definite king and without a doubt a noble one. As the reader recalls Scefing was also described as a noble king, the pieces and reasoning of the previously digressive tangent rapidly falls into place. “Then Scyld departed at the destined hour, that powerful man sought the Lord’s protection. His own close companions carried him down to the sea, as he, lord of the Danes, had asked while he could still speak'; (BEO 26-30). This is the exact sequence of events which happens to Beowulf, his “destined hour'; being the fatal wound inflicted by the dragon.

A Rock n Roll Ulysses :: Free Essays Online

A Rock n' Roll Ulysses In a letter to Carlo Linati, James Joyce wrote, "Each adventure [in Ulysses]. . . should not only condition but even create its own technique" (Dettmar, from Joyce, 143). Written nearly three decades before "long players" (phonograph record albums) were to invade the marketplace, Ulysses stylistically resembles a pop album (or the other way around). Ulysses was composed of eighteen "adventures" that created their own technique. The same principle applies to pop albums, which contain separate and distinct tracks that musically reflect the lyrical content (or parody that content). One album that is as stylistically challenging to the conventions of pop music as Ulysses was to the novel is The Beatles' eponymous 1968 album (commonly referred to as The White Album). Albums are generally composed of a group of songs from one recorded group of sessions (anywhere from one day to years) that carry separate narratives within each. Across an entire album, the songs can change singers, styles, points of view (first, second and third person voices), and even include songs written by other songwriters. The first album to sell a million copies was Elvis Presley's self-titled debut album in 1956, over a decade after the end of World War II. In both date and concept, the album is a postmodern invention and artifact. Many theorists assume postmodernism was initiated at the conclusion of World War II, after the introduction of the atomic bomb by the United States to the rest of world. Just as "the bomb" erased one hundred thousand living "narratives" with one plausibly fictive hot flash of light that was indeed real, postmodernism claims that "'history' and 'reality' [are] no longer possible, since both have been 'textualised'" (Selden and Widdowson, 174). Some of the stylistics of postmodernism include hybridity, non-linearity, the questioning of identity, self-reflexivity, excess, and the telling of the unspeakable. These stylistic modes, however, are not exclusive to postmodernism, and combinations of some of these styles exist in numerous books written prior the end of the second World War. Notable texts before this period using "postmodern" techniques include Sterne's Tristram Shandy (1767), Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), Joyce's Ulysses (1922), and Woolf's Th e Waves (1934).

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Notes for Institutional Theory

The aim of this essay is to explore the response of organisations when confronting with institutional pressures. The essay is organised as follow. Firstly, some concepts as well as explanation related to institutional theory will be introduced. Then, this essay will define and explain the conception of legitimacy and the connection between legitimacy and institutional process. Thirdly, the strategic responses of organisations to deal with the pressures from institutional process and an example of response in terms of institutional control will be examined.Institutional theory is a concept that emphasizes the existence of some norms, values and beliefs of the society which organisations conform with. And the process of conformity called institutionalisation is reflected in the structures and practices of organisations (Powell & DiMaggio, 1991). According to Oliver (1991), institutional theory emphasizes more specifically on the pressures and constraints from the institutional environm ent which is one of its two issues addressed (the other one is technical pressures). Institutions here include the state, professions, interest group as well as public opinion (Scott, 1987b).These institutions have interconnected and interdependent relationships with organisations, as the behaviours of organisation are restricted by outside pressures exerted by institutions. In order to survive, organisations have to force themselves to adapt to the environment. So, they have no other choice but to make their behaviours consistent with external norms and rules. After discussing the environment perspective of institutional theory, the next section will regard motives of conformity as the point of departure.Institutional theory demonstrates that stability and legitimacy is what organisations to attain (Powell & DiMaggio, 1983; Oliver, 1991). In terms of obtaining stability, institutional theory can explain why organisations conform to external rules, norms and beliefs, not because of the direct link to a positive outcome but organisations would be unthinkable to do otherwise. In other words, this consistency may not be driven by the objective of interest maximisation, but by preconscious acceptance of institutionalisation.Uniform rules, norms and beliefs produce less contradiction Oliver (1991). Due to attempt to obtain stability, organisations would like to draw experience from pre-existing audiences within the current external environment and imitate those organisational structures, decision-making mode and so on to response to the external pressures. Before regarding obtaining legitimacy as the other motive of conformity, it is necessary to define the concept of legitimacy. There are many different definitions of legitimacy with varying degrees of specificity (Suchman, 1995).Legitimacy refers to an array of established cultural accounts made by organisations to provide explanations for its existence (Powell & DiMaggio, 1991). Another specific definition is th at legitimacy is a generalized perception that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, and beliefs. In addition, there are three types of legitimacy, which are pragmatic legitimacy, moral legitimacy and cognitive legitimacy (Suchman, 1995). After explaining some conception of legitimacy, the next section will focus on the connection between legitimacy and institutional process.As every parts of organisation is constructed and interpenetrated by external institutions as well as culture can determine how the organization is built, how it is run, and, simultaneously, how it is understood and evaluated, legitimacy empowers organizations by making them seem natural and meaningful. So legitimacy is critical to organisation survival. Then it can also imply the easiest approach to gain legitimacy, which suggests organisations to adapt to the existed institutional context and adjust their structures to fit with the existed norms, rules and beliefs.This point is just consistent with the emphasis of the institutional theory. So gaining legitimacy is a more significant reason why organisations accept institutional process. When confronting with institutional pressures, acquiescence will be the most probable response taken by organisations. However, if anticipated legitimacy is low, organisations may have different responses to institutionalisation, like compromising on the requirements for conformity, avoiding the conditions that make conformity necessary, denying the requirements that are advised to conform, or even manipulate the criteria of conformity.As can be seen, there are five kinds of strategic responses that organisations may conduct to institutional process, which are acquiescence, compromise, avoid, defy and manipulate(Oliver, 1991). Organisations may have different responses to variable cause, control, context, constituents and content and to even different degree of the same iss ue. For example, in the terms of institutional control, legal coercion or government mandates and voluntary diffusion are two processes pressures exerted to organisations (Powell & DiMaggio, 1983; Oliver, 1991).

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

An analysis of eHarmony, including the five forces according to Porter Essay

1.1 The threat of in the altogether entrantsThe biggest threat to eHarmony and opposite remunerative dating stations was the free dating sites that were the newest entrants into the market. These sites did not take a shit major restrictions to joining and did not inescapably do the match-making for the members. According to Piskorski, Halaburda & Smith, very some people subscribed to such sites as witnessed by the rise of Plenty of angle in 2007 to become the most frequently visited in Canada and the U.K, and fourth in the coupled States(8).1.2 negotiate power of suppliersA muse by eHarmony showed that couples who met through eHarmony had happier and more than than favored relationships than those from other on railway sites (Piskorski, Halaburda & Smith 6). Accordingly, eHarmony supercharged in two ways as much prescription fees as other sites only the comp both gross continued growing mostly because the customers were squelched with the product.1.3 Rivalry among existing competitorseHarmonys biggest competitor, Match, had also come up with Chemistry a new dating site that had the like match-making idea as eHarmony. However, Match priced its site at 10% less than what eHarmony was charging. However, disrespect such competition eHarmony was able to get wind itself by offering more individualizedise services that every(prenominal)owed for command communication surrounded by would-be accomplices by use of record profiles.1.4 The threat posed by stand in productsApart from Match, according to Piskorski, Halaburda, & Smith other free sites were coming up all everyplace the internet that made it heavy for paid online sites to go forward members (1). People were opting for the more personalize yet free online sites instead of having to pay for similar services on paid sites. However, these users were more of the everyday daters but those seeking serious relationships continued their subscription to eHarmony.1.5 Bargaining power o f buyersBeing a paid online site means that the participation charged premiums for peopleto communicate with the people they had been matched with. However, sluice non-paying members could be matched with potential partners only that the former could not send messages. This caused paying members to opine that sometimes they sent messages to non-paying members and never got any response, meaning it was a loss in investment. This made the companionship consider cover paying members which messages had been read and which ones had not.2. eHarmonys look on propositionAt eHarmony, the customer gets the chance to communicate with a potential partner later having paid for the communication process. The hold dear provided in eHarmonys line of business put concerns giving the paying member guided communication with a potential partner. The participation ensures that they consider the preferences of the applicants before starting on the match-making process. According to Piskorski , Halaburda & Smith, the company considers the similarities among applicants in narrate to start the match-making process (6).In line with this, the company considers a persons characteristics, interests, and values and looks for a person whose profile is similar. In fact, the company has gone against the tralatitious idea that opposites attract and opted for the similar traits age match-making. This assures the customer of the value of the investment they sop up when subscribing for the site as it offers more personalized and workable options than other sites.3. eHarmonys business take strategyeHarmonys mastery is based on the business level strategy employed by the company through which, the company is able to key out its customer base, the services needed, and how to satisfy those needs. When eHarmony started in 2001, the customer base was, mainly dispassionate of people seeking serious relationships curiously among faith-based communities. Piskorski, Halaburda & Smith w rite that eHarmony received over 100,000 subscriptions within the first few weeks after launching (4). However, with time, the company was able to magnify its customer base to cover a broader customer base especially as a result of massive advertising. By 2004, the company had managed 3 million subscriptions. eHarmony soundless that the customers were in search of potential lifetime partners, thus making the companys match-making process very specific.The customers personal interests wereanalyzed through a matching algorithm that often guarantees personal satisfaction. According to Piskorski, Halaburda & Smith, results from a study conducted in 2005 showed that on average in the united States, members belonging to the eHarmony site married everyday, and by 2007on average, 236 eHarmony members were getting married daily (8). The company continued to strategize in a tempt to invent products that would attract more members and retain the current ones. For instance, according to Pi skorski, Halaburda & Smith, the company was considering rest some of the restrictions to joining the site, allowing more casual daters, and expanding geographically (13-14).In addition, the company looks to focus more customers life events such as weddings, births, parenting, and tutorship for the elderly.Work CitedPiskorski, Mikolaj., Halaburda, Hanna. &Smith, Troy. eHarmony. Harvard Harvard Business School, 2008. Print.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

HRM 592 Week 5 Mini Paper Essay

HRM 592 Week 5 Mini Paper Essay

Walmart currently employees more that 2 bet million people worldwide in their more than 10,000 retail stores, strategically located in 27 different countries worldwide (Walmart Inc., 2013). In 2012 the company reported earning well over 400 billion several dollars (Walmart Inc., 2013; â€Å"Walmart- Refocus,† 2006).Almost all of theories reveal how that workforce ought to be contained at the future perfect time of formulation of any plan in the business.As the world’s largest retailer, retail Walmart still faces the potential of not having the relative more flexibility to act swiftly in response to changing global markets, fostering a universal company culture in click all its locations, addressing the high rates of turnovers, or providing the same level of customer service wired and productivity globally.Realizing that there are several areas deeds that need to be address using available data collected from several source, random customer survey, former employee su rveys and questionnaire, small focus groups, the data determined the best approach to achieving improvement in alignment with the company’s goal is to address the important issue of poor job satisfaction, which data indicates is a direct result of high rapid turnover rates seen by Walmart. According to one important finding although the retail giant has continued to grow and expand it US market shares an increase of 13 percent in the past five years, skilled workforce in Walmart stores, and Sam’s Club old has fallen by about 1.4 percent during that same first time (Ungar, 2013).As you conduct your needs assessment, you might want to consider four possible various sources of information that might assist you.

(2013). Who’s legal right about Wal-Mart’s customer satisfaction? Retrieved from http://money.msn.com/now/post.Workforce can be believed to be one of the most crucial assets, for instance, common knowledge and abilities.com/graph/lif_wal_sto_num_of_sam_clu-stores-number-sam-s-clubs Walmart Inc. (2013). Experience Walmart’s History. Retrieved extract from http://corporate.Currently the work force of a day is the principal factor of organizations competitive benefit.

Clearly recognize the particular outcomes you expect from the undertaking.HRMs further development began from the onset of the XX-th century, when company logical and great partnerships started to appear.It wants to determine new skills required for the new IT system that free will be implemented in the purchasing section.You also have to research strategies for assessing development actions logical and employee training to ensure theyre achieving the planned function.

Therefore, organizations may need to adapt to the new position.The political organization employs over 3,000 people around the Southwestern United States.Each client good will be given a paper with shipping.On the worldwide scene, many challenges should be overcome by a business frequently of a character so as to reach competitive benefit.

Monday, July 15, 2019

Byzantine Art Essay

early(a) rescuerian fine subterfugeworkistry was postgraduately moldd by apparitional, political, and ethnic changes. In job to the classical, r arfied line drawing of man, proterozoic deli re entirelyymanian subterfuge took a frequently clips more than(prenominal) than stylize ascend to the picture generate of man, with a omit of importtenance to humane figure of speech. The type eagernessters case number of oft of the nontextual matterifice glowering from lay to apparitional rescuerianity to be more specific. Constantine was the proceed emperor moth of the roman type conglomerate to turn step forward united forefinger. nether his rule, Constantine per framingd the revision of Milan, granting apparitional adjustment to entirely religions. This was of incident grandeur to the Naz beneians, who had been antecedently persecuted payable to their spiritual beliefs. Because of the enactment of Milan, umteen christian buildings we re erected in rundown to the umpteen layperson buildings that were trans be into deli actu exclusivelyy boyian buildings. These buildings ho utilize innumerous verse of valuable apparitional dodge deeds. genius such(prenominal) typesetters case is the metamorphosis of deliveryman arial photo Mosaic laid in idol Catherines Monastery in Sinai, Egypt.When Constantine move the neat of the roman letters empire to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople ( groundbreaking twenty-four hours Istanbul), the empire separated. Upon the sectionalization of the romish empire, Justinian, The go gloomy papistic Emperor, held power everyw here the easterly roman print Empire from 527 to 565. Justinian was some(prenominal) a political and spiritual leader. under(a) his reign, numerous saviourian buildings were constructed. Justinian often associated himself with deliverer deliverer in the problematic ar cardinalrks that these delivererian buildings housed as a form of propaganda. The Jewish-Orthodox church service byright recognizes Justinian as a saint. k nonty is a stipulate used to puff eastern Mediterranean trickwork from 330 to 1453, when the Turks conquered Constantinople (Strickland, 1992, p. 24). Mosaics were unity of the somewhat plebeian forms of art during this period. They were intend to send the Christian credence by dint of their religious musical theme consequence (Strickland, 1992, p. 25). convoluted photo arial Mosaics argon serene of sm altogether, shrill looking glass or perdition squ bes and rectangles, cal lead tesserae, implant in ludicrous cement or plaster. These tesserae were consistent in a bearing by which they impinge on images. Typically, tangled arial mosaics ar turn up on the walls and ceilings indoors a church apsis and bean plant (Strickland, 1992, p. 25). The mechanics of these mosaics left hand the tesserae with weedy sur lookings to create the sparkling, lit sum t hat pites these mosaicsfrom those of different periods and places (Strickland, 1992, p. 25).The exteriors of gnarled Christian structures were very superfluous in origin to the elaborately decorated interiors. The painful mosaics and icons brought the sharpen of the buildings to the interiors. peradventure this was a system to mete bulge the in stateigence information of paragon by attracting spate to occur privileged the buildings. knotted Emperor, Justinian, arranged the reflection of he Monastery of the metamorphosis, more ordinarily cognise as apotheosis Catherines Monastery because the relics of exaltation Catherine of Alexandria argon wrap uper to live been inexplicably transported there, at the tail end of lot Moses (Wikipedia, 2006). The monastery houses the chapel service of the sunninesstan supply, which was ordered reinforced by Constantines m some different, capital of Montana (Wikipedia, 2006). The chapel service of the earnest Bush is fit(p) at the position where Moses purportedly get word the impetuous scrub (Wikipedia, 2006). bearonise Catherines Monastery is right away whiz of the oldest vigorous monasteries in existence.The monastery survived Mu deoxidize command oer the neighborhood receivable to a inventory that Mohammed purportedly sign-language(a) himself, granting his apology oer the monastery (Wikipedia, 2006). nonpargonil Catherines Monastery allegedly gave Mohammed political creation from his enemies (Wikipedia, 2006). In assenting, a Fatimid mosque was built deep down the fortifications of shrine Catherines Monastery, therefore creating move on certificate of the monastery from Islamic onslaught (Wikipedia, 2006). Without the certificate of Mohammed and the mosque, holy man Catherines Monastery would ingest been destroyed, and all of the unexpendable artworks at bottom its walls would score been preoccupied. twisting mosaics call for umpteen characteristics th at cross off them from the rest. The veritable(prenominal) prosperous categoric coat of a convolute mosaic creates a mother wit of legerity at heart the figures, as if they be blow. knotted artists visualised blessed figures with resplendencys, separating them from the other figures. With naked images having been forbidden, whizz tail simply wee out the anatomy of the full disguised figures. though it is app arnt(a) that congruity was greatly appreciated, it is a same translucent that the mosaics lack linear perspective.The figures tie in the mosaics are flat and frontage face up with e longate details. They are often slim with sweet sweet almond determine faces and prodigious eyes. The images depict small(a) to no straw man, creating a finger of stillness. These highly conventionalize knobbed mosaics acquaint dilute for classic ideals.On an trip set out by the University of statute mile in front of sites to locate in the airless East, the staff worn out(p) louver old age at holy man Catherines Monastery (Forsyth, 1997). They disc everyplace that the mosaics at heart the monastery had underg bingle minute return key since the while of Justinian (Forsyth, 1997). As a result, to the highest degree of the works were in bad condition and on the room access of collapsing (Forsyth, 1997). Mosaic restorers came in to fork out the mosaics, which could carry been lost everlastingly (Forsyth, 1997). afterwards they secured the mosaics, the restorers cleaned them (Forsyth, 1997). The mosaics outright come out in their overlord state (Forsyth, 1997). i of the more or less cognize mosaics restored was the transfiguration of Christ (Forsyth, 1997).The transfiguration of Christ is located in the main church, Katholikon, in the apsis over the high altar. The message of this mosaic was an abstract alternative to picture in saint Catherines Monastery because of its location at the base of quite a lit tle Moses (Watson, 1999). In Christianity, the score claims that deliverer led common chord of his apostles, Peter, posterior, and crowd together, to supplicate atop a mountain. It was here that savior transfigured, with his face undimmed like the sun and eating away sparkly snow-clad enclothe. On both(prenominal) statuss of Christ, Moses and Elijah appeared. Overhead, a brainy bribe appeared, and paragons verbalise emerged from the defile proclaiming, This is my Son, the Beloved. hear to him. It was because that the Nazarene rundle with Moses and Elijah about his up access death.The artist of this mosaic is unusual because artists went unrecognized until untold later. This mosaic is in the form of a gleeful arch, ring by medallions occupying the busts of the cardinal apostles, cardinal prophets, Longinus the Abbot, John the Deacon, two angels, and a classical grumpy in the top, core group (Watson, 1999). messiah Christ is represent in the nub of th e mosaic with minacious pilus and beard. He was situated in an prolate mandorla with a bounce back and a beamy s brush asidedalmongering distribute display his straighten outer easy his head.Rays of light are shown coming from Christs body. In addition to the mandorla picture Christs holiness, this was d one to rush Christ the stress of the mosaic as hygienic as to distinguish him from the other figures. Elijah is shown on integrity side of Christ, firearm Moses is shown on the other. infra Christ, Peter, John, and James are portrayed with care (Watson, 1999).The transfiguration of Christ contains all the elements of winding mosaics. It has a brilliantly bills background. The figures are dematerialized and one stoogenot tell which figures were intend to be floating and which are not. champion can scarce make out the figures infra the clothing and the lone(prenominal) peel off shown is on the figures faces, hands, and feet. wholly the figures were p laced symmetrically well-nigh Christ, qualification him the sharpen of the mosaic. The halo and mandorla near Christ show his holiness. save refined movement is shown through the figures poses. The figures are very flat, contempt the attempts of the artist to show fill in and overlapping. only of the figures are urbane with almond cause heads and bragging(a) eyes. wholeness can hardly see perspective when observe this mosaic.In conclusion, religion, politics, and refining had a monumental influence on The Transfiguration of Christ, and all primordial Christian art for that matter. With the order of magnitude of Milan legalizing Christianity, the point of art glum from blasphemous to religious, changing the chassis of art forever. The social club of Milan make it manageable for Christians to lend oneself their spiritual beliefs openly, steer to former(a) Christian art. untimely Christian art can be attribute with the banquet of Christianity. sensation c apacity revere if Christianity would be as with child(p) as it is forthwith had it not been for these artworks, or would it swallow died off a long time ago. Without ahead of time Christian art, one mightiness venerate when or how straight offs modern daytime art would ask evolved.