United States Constitution and Progressive Movement

What, in your opinion, were the key principles of the Progressive Movement? In your opinion, what were Progressivism’s most significant successes and failings? Can the First World War be regarded as a particularly Progressive conflict, or did it derail the Progressive Movement—or are both of these statements true? What, in your opinion, were the key principles of the Progressive Movement? Characteristics of the Progressive Era include refining of the government, rebuilding, a concentration on family and education, segregation and womens suffrage. The key principles of the Progressive Movement concentrated on the need for production in all areas of society. The refining of the government to get rid of corruption was†¦show more content†¦World War 1 cannot be regarded as a particularly Progressive conflict. The Progressive Movement was a complex, and sometimes conflicting era. Some of the occurrences that took place promoted the growth of democracy. While at other times the Progressive movement encouraged that the roles of government should be assigned to professionals. The movement adopted some of the worst national problems of its time, but it ignored the widespread problem of racism which worsens racial injustices. Even though Afro-Americans fought in the war and were as stated in ou r text book, â€Å"one of the best examples was the African American pilots, the famed Tuskegee airmen, who had participated in the segregation protest. In total, the 332nd Fighter Group flew 15,000 sorties and shot down more than 200 German aircraft (Moye, 2010). However, while these men were willing to die for the country, they were not eligible for many of the honors for their service.† (Bowles, 2011) Reference Bowles, M. (2011). American history 1865–present: End of isolation. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (2002). The progressive era [Television series episode]. In America in the 20th Century. New York, NY: Films for the Humanities Sciences. Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedProgressive Era Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe Progressive Era Have you ever thought about the Progressive Era and the impact our amendments have on it, or the impact it has on our amendments? The sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth show great examples of the Progressive Era. The sixteenth shows the political and social change just like the eighteenth amendment . The seventeenth amendment was the outgrowth of the progressive era, leaving the nineteenth amendment to be the political corruption and social change of theRead MoreThe Progressive Movement Of The United States982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive Movement The rapid industrialization of United States in the late part of the 19th Century challenged the political, economic and judicial system in every possible way. 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Many progressives believed that these changes marked the end of the old order and invited the beginning of a new era fit for the industrial age. Others believed that these changes marked a necessity for improvement rather thanRead MoreThe Countercultures: Once Pooh-poohed, Now Revered1275 Words   |  6 PagesEnglishmen began to migrate to Pennsylvania that Native American and Pennsylvanian ties were broken. Although that progressive step forward of the counterculture, Quakerism, was neutralized, remnants of their beliefs were kept and ingrained into the United States of America’s own set of core values. This is especially evident in the United States’s first governmental document, The United States Declaration of Independence. Found in the Preamble, the line â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all

Ever thought youd see car parts transformed into...

Ever thought youd see car parts transformed into jewellery? Or clothing? Shoes? Eye wear? Well that’s exactly what the Lexus Fashion Workshop did. The Lexus CT Hybrid is a gorgeous, sleek car. Which is also 90% recyclable, so Lexus decided to dismantle a Lexus CT Hybrid and bring in four fashion designers, and see how they would use pieces of the car, and up cycle them into amazing bits of work. Fashion designer John Patrick, used floor mats made from plant-based plastic, sustainable sound-dampening material, wire harness, leather seat covers and cargo covers, to create a stunning grey trench coat, a fabulous pair of shorts, and a simple clutch bag, and named it Nomadic Sanctuary. John Patrick is a interesting fashion designer who†¦show more content†¦The Environmental Crown of Virtue was created by Moss Lipow using transmission started and exhaust manifold gasket, to create a fascinating, unique eye piece, which has instead of 2 lenses has four and does not only rest upon the ears, but has a head piece connected. Moss Lipow realized his destiny to be an eye wear designer in his teens when he discovered he needed prescription glasses, although he actually studied film before finally settling on his career as an eye wear designer. One of his designs, framed in ostrich and alligator leather was priced at $3,800 and has become one of the most expensive pairs of sunglasses in the world, he also claims to have the largest collection of vintage 20th century eye wear in the world, with a collection of over 3,000 different frames. Finally, Alejandro Ingelmo, shoe designer created The Lunar shoe. Using the armrest leather trim, tire tread and the clear plastic tubing used for wiper fluid, to create an out of this world pair of shoes. Black and silver and absolutely stunning, these shoes where more than a pair of well designed shoes, they were a piece of art. Alejandro Ingelmo followed in his great GrandfathersShow MoreRelatedMaybelline1247 Words   |  5 PagesIndia. Now HUL (Hindustan Unilever Limited) has about 110 salons all over India providing beauty services. Lakme has been ranked as 47th most trusted brand in India by  The Brand Trust Report[2]  The company is the title sponsor for  Lakme Fashion Week  (LFW) a bi-annual fashion event which takes place in Mumbai.[3] Maybelline The Maybelline Company was created by lanaya New York chemist T.L. Williams in 1915. Williams, in his early 30s noticed his younger sister applying a mixture of  Vaseline  andRead MoreEmotion Detection Using Sobel Filtering And Retrieving With Sparse Code Words2097 Words   |  9 Pagesetc.To improve content based image retrieval we use attribute enhanced sparse codewords to retrieve similar images from the database.To evaluate the performance of these methods, we conduct extensive experiments on separate public datasets named LFW. These datasets contain faces taken in unconstrained environment. To sum up the contribution of this work, First, it takes an image, then by skin color segmentation, it detects human skin color, then it detect human face. Then it separates the eyesRead MoreThe Family And Medical Leave Act2286 Words   |  10 PagesOn the other hand, there have been some negative feedback for those employees who do not request FMLA. In the medical standpoint of FMLA, issues have arrived due to the lack of communication between employee and employer. Examples such as Burnett v. LFW, Inc., can shows these issues of communication that could interfere when it comes for leave when taking care of a child. Burnett v. LWF, Inc. to explain how an employer’s responsibility to undergo any eligibility for FMLA leave. A lawsuit was created

Agile Project Management in Construction

Question: Discuss about the Agile Project Management in Construction. Answer: Introduction The paper discusses on the agile approaches to the concepts of project management as developed within construction industry. The agile methodology consists of various methods as well as tool, which are used to perform the construction project that will support within mission in order to pursue values as well as principles (Kerzner 2013). There are two concepts in the agile methodology such as adaption to change as well as collaboration among people. This particular methodology uses interactive process, which can help the customers to describe their requirements (Burke 2013). It is appropriate for complex construction projects where it is critical to detail the products in advance. Within the construction project, large sums of money as well as time are the challenges. As the market is changing, therefore the construction business requires taking countermeasures to keep up. Alotaibi and Mafimisebi (2016) stated that creation of flexible as well as adaptive way to carry on with plan as well as design phase can make communication between various actors within the project. It results into accurate prototype as well as design. Kumar and McArthur (2015) argued that the prototype with different errors before the production sets up will lesser the risks for costly changes at the phase of production. It is cheaper as well as easier to make probable changes in initial stages of project work. Agile project management in the construction industry Garel (2013) suggested that agile methodologies have developed in various types of construction projects. They are various advantages the typical methods used in the project management. There are various ways to improve as well as streamline the design phase of the construction projects. The paper investigates on the approaches of agile project management that can contribute to mission to develop efficient design phase of the stadium rail project, Australia. This construction of stadium rail project will consist of station construction as well as associated rail infrastructure. The project goal of stadium rail project is to make the public transport infrastructure at the site that will facilitate up to 28,000 passengers in order to leave new Perth Stadium in an hour of event. It will deliver in the year 2017 (Projectconnect.com.au 2015). Construction industry has seen huge changes in both technologies as well as methodologies. There is a requirement to increase construction speed as well as methods efficiency, current agile methods are incorporated. The project work is presently in the system stage in the design phase. Johansson (2013) suggested that the techniques to improve efficiency as well as reliability help to develop construction projects. Kumar and McArthur (2015) stated the advantages of agile project management within the construction industry. In the current era, construction scheduling, planning as well as process of execution would be detailed as well as robust in order to avoid the project issues as well as delays. Apart from the cost of materials, most significant within the construction project is labor. The cost of labor within the construction project increases from baseline plan when there is occurrence of delays. Serrador and Pinto (2015) stated that in order to avoid the project delays, right workers are needed at right location with right materials as well as tools with perfect work information. Project delay as well as cost overrun is resulted from not having proper materials on hand at perfect time (Leach 2014). It occurs within the construction project due to supplier backlogs, delay in shipping, restrictions on funding and others. Padalkar and Gopinath (2016) argued that the project delay occurs from having sufficient work instructions on hand at accurate time. It results from incomplete design, documentation, delay in making of decisions as well as change in scope. Delay from lack of labor occurs due to incapability in order to discover right trades. There is also challenge of coor dination among the workers that can cause delay in the project work (Liu, Wang and Wilkinson 2016). There is requirement of storage as well as maintenance place of the stadium construction project such that the public transport is not affected. It is critical in order to generate entire coordination work efficiently in order to avoid any project complications (Chapman 2016). It is also critical not to disturb the traffic. Within the construction projects, delay results into outworker claims when responsibility begins to identify. Alotaibi and Mafimisebi (2016) demonstrated that the construction projects are considered, as poor candidates for agile approach, as they are in order within nature as well as modification in the projects are classy move added down the lifecycle. For the areas of construction projects, good practices led to increase efficiency of the project (Low 2013). The good practices are regular delivery of product and services to customers and proper planning of needs to be implemented. Mao et al. (2016) stated that the online platforms are used by the organization to run the project, set of fixed deadlines, members of project team as well as highest waste reduction. The good practices are identified with exemption of cyclic deliveries to consumer that are only suitable for the construction projects (Love et al. 2015). Regular meetings among people are involved within the project, which allow better control on the progress of project as well as efficient managing of resources concerned within the project. As delay in the project work as well as over control of the budgeted cost are the main and critical issues in the construction work, therefore agile methodology helps to handle proper materials on hand at perfect time (Serrador and Pinto 2015). It occurs within the construction project due to trader backlogs, interruption in process of shipping, limitations on funding on the construction project plans. Agile methodologies are based in the iterations as an alternative of classical methodologies that decide to do complete development as well as bring the product to the consumer when it is finally ended (Kumar and McArthur 2015). The maximum asset of agile method is the adaptability as well as opportunity of change throughout the lifetime of project. Within the use of agile methodology approach, outsystems methodology follows its principles. The users make evaluations to the progresses. In order to perform the project based on the outsystems methodology, there are concepts to take into considerations such as project backlog, budget, sprint as well as timeline (Alotaibi and Mafimisebi 2016). As per this methodology, all the required collection as well as analysis, project monitoring as well as testing need the participation of the project team members to conduct the work. Appropriate correspondence channel is required for the development venture, for example, up close and personal corr espondence (Liu, Wang and Wilkinson 2016). The development venture is worked around propelled people. Appropriate support from the administration group makes the work simpler. In the construction project of stadium rail project, Australia, it is possible to think the pre-design, design as well as specific construction phases independently. In the pre-design phase of the construction project, there are some initial issues such as development, planning, time as well as cost. There is complexity in the pre-design phase. Serrador and Pinto (2015) demonstrated that when the agile principles are applicable within pre-design phase, three criteria are considered to reduce order of validity. Agile principles are used implicitly or explicitly. Problems are identified in which agile principles are provided a solution. Those principles are appropriate, based on general knowledge related to pre-design phase. Mao et al. (2016) stated that project design is intermediate phase where a concept is produced at pre-design phase will expand as well as change into solutions in order to guide construction, maintenance as well as operations of the stadium rail project. Two main i ssues are emerged into the project plan such as incorporation between design as well as creation and self-motivated process of necessities capture (Chapman 2016). Process of design is extremely interactive as well as it requires changes in designing team to reflect on impacts of changes on the product. Padalkar and Gopinath (2016) opined that with use of the agile methodology, the highest priority of the construction industry is to satisfy the requirements of customer throughout continues delivery of valuable products as well as services. The principles of agile methodology are daily cooperation among the business people as well as workers involve in the project work. Kumar and McArthur (2015) stated that proper communication channel is required for the construction project such as face-to-face communication. The construction project is built around motivated individuals. Proper support from the management team makes the work easier (Serrador and Pinto 2015). Development projects are considered, as poor contender for agile approach, as they are all together inside nature and in addition alteration in the activities are classy move included down the lifecycle. Liu, Wang and Wilkinson (2016) stated that for the areas of development activities, great practices prompted to expand profi ciency of the work. The great practices are normal conveyance of item as well as administrations to clients and legitimate arranging of should be actualized. Keeping in mind the end goal to play out the project in light of the agile methodology, there are ideas to take into contemplations, for example, extend build-up, spending plan, sprint and additionally timetable (Love et al. 2015). According to this procedure, all the required accumulation and investigation, extend checking and additionally testing need the cooperation of the project colleagues to direct the work. Mao et al. (2016) opined that execution of project work using the agile methodology should result in completion of project work on time as well as under the estimated budget. There are no safety issues as well as no findings from different mistake as well as authoritarian agencies (Serrador and Pinto 2015). Integrated team approach in agile mindset is resulted into higher than standard productivity for the construction project. Design is transitional phase where a thought is produced at pre-design phase will enlarge as well as modify into solutions in order to direct construction, continuance as well as operations of the stadium rail project. () argued that both cost as well as schedule risk are accepted by the construction industry for the purpose of construction portion of the work (Alotaibi and Mafimisebi 2016). Participation of the participants such as engineers, construction firms, operational as well as leadership team of construction is required. Shared as well as communicated vision helps to keep the project work focused (Kerzner 2013). Agile manifesto requires the project team members to carry responsibility in order to make modifications as well as best process for particular project work (Serrador and Pinto 2015). The standards of agile technique are every day collaboration among the specialists and in addition, laborers include in the construction project plan work. Conclusion It is concluded that the agile methodology in the project management improves value delivery within the construction industry. The enterprise structure as well as project work enables react to changes as well as prospect that such change affords to raise value delivery. The construction projects are complex by nature as well as it is required for human resources to manage its complexity in such a manner that it can deliver required outcomes. Agile methodologies are applied in the project plan, which allows a substantial reduction of the project duration as well as budgeted cost. When agile methodology is applied in the construction project plan, then it becomes a major asset for them as well as for the project participants. Support of the members, for example, engineers, development firms, operational and also administration group of development is required. Shared and in addition conveyed vision keeps the venture work centered. Agile manifesto requires the venture colleagues to conv ey obligation with a specific end goal to make adjustments and additionally best process for specific venture work. According to this agile philosophy, all the required gathering and in addition investigation, extend observing and additionally testing need the support of the venture colleagues to direct the work. Proper correspondence channel is required for the advancement wander, for instance, very close correspondence. The improvement wander is worked around impelled individuals. Proper support from the organization bunch makes the work easier. References Alotaibi, A.B. and Mafimisebi, O.P., 2016. Project Management Practice: Redefining Theoretical Challenges in the 21st Century.Project Management,7(1). Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Chapman, R.J., 2016. A framework for examining the dimensions and characteristics of complexity inherent within rail megaprojects.International Journal of Project Management,34(6), pp.937-956. Garel, G., 2013. A history of project management models: From pre-models to the standard models.International Journal of Project Management,31(5), pp.663-669. Johansson, M.Y., 2015. Agile project management in the construction industry.PDF). KTH. se. Royal Institute of Technology. Retrieved,11. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kumar, S.S. and McArthur, J.J., 2015. Streamlining Building Information Model Creation Using Agile Project Management.WIT Transactions on The Built Environment,149, pp.229-240. Leach, L.P., 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. Liu, T., Wang, Y. and Wilkinson, S., 2016. Identifying critical factors affecting the effectiveness and efficiency of tendering processes in PublicPrivate Partnerships (PPPs): A comparative analysis of Australia and China.International Journal of Project Management,34(4), pp.701-716. Love, P.E., Liu, J., Matthews, J., Sing, C.P. and Smith, J., 2015. Future proofing PPPs: Life-cycle performance measurement and Building Information Modelling.Automation in Construction,56, pp.26-35. Low, N., 2013.Transforming urban transport: the ethics, politics and practices of sustainable mobility. Routledge. Mao, P., Li, S., Ye, K. and Cai, H., 2016. A field theory based model for identifying the effect of organizational structure on the formation of organizational culture in construction projects.KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, pp.1-9. Padalkar, M. and Gopinath, S., 2016. Six decades of project management research: Thematic trends and future opportunities.International Journal of Project Management,34(7), pp.1305-1321. Projectconnect.com.au, 2015.Stadium Rail Project | Project Opportunity. [online] Projectconnect.com.au. Available at: https://www.projectconnect.com.au/Project_Details.asp?PID=392 [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. Serrador, P. and Pinto, J.K., 2015. Does Agile work?A quantitative analysis of agile project success.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), pp.1040-1051. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

Joint Venture for Chevron Corporation (IOCs) and Texaco (NOCs)

Question: Describe about joint venture for chevron corporation (IOCs) and ttexaco (NOCs)? Answer: 1. Introduction In the contemporary economic scenario, economists are believed that entering into the joint venture is important to attain success of all oil and gas companies. Entering into an alliance not only concentrates on the inimitable challenges they face in recent times, but also it becomes effectual to sustain in this competitive landscape in the longer term (Mo, 2010). There are several studies that concluded that well-structured as well as efficient joint ventures bring about business-related success which ultimately fulfils the mutual interest. There are also several studies that explained such alliances produce new opportunities for both the participant. However, they also mentioned that in order to attain this achievement both the participant need to make sure that they have the accurate conformity in place (Bartek, 2014). This study has provided specific information regarding the trend of joint venture with proper analysis for the collaboration of NOCs with IOCs. Here, the joint vent ure between Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) has been selected to assess the trend of the industry. 1.1 Purpose of selection of the joint venture between Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC): The merger of both Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) makes the business more strong in producing more energy and power. Aiming to attain more acquisition over the existing natural energy forces it appears to be a bold step. But seems to have some significant reasons. Reason 1: Leading the Energy Business Emergence of other international energy companies, both Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) seem to be loosing its strong hold over the market of energy. It also was hampering the the business This joint venture brings opportunity to capture the market and lord over it. At the same time, it leads to the underwater exploration in Brazil, Gulf of Mexico and other place across the globe. Control over North America and North Sea is literally strenthened. At the same time, the power and gasifiction business of both Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) is expected to be profited by this marger. Tang (2013) has oberved that Texaco has been sufering from debt in the power business which expects to get fuelled. It also expects to be helpful for overlording on this business. Reason 2: Cost cutting Thi significant combining casts its impact on saving of around $700 million which can be used for more exploration and more escavation works (Phx.corporate-ir.net, 2015). Combining of the workforce is literally significant to bring more hold in the business. Both the companies were suffering from huge financial strengencies which may come to an end. The merger can result of slashing down the costs to at least $1.2 billion. This creates an imense effect of developemnt. After completion of merger, the new company reserved more than $11.2 billion barrels of oil, $77 billion assets and $2.7 million daily productions (Phx.corporate-ir.net, 2015). Reason 3: Technical Advancement In the world, the largest National Oil companies are Saudi Aramco, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Statoil, Malaysian National Oil Companies, etc (Fedi, 2013). The entire companies of NOCs like Texaco have low technical capabilities rather than the International Oil Companies. With this merger there will be an extensive technical development for both the companies. A broader advantage in the technology is expected to bring an immense output for this venture. In order to access the reserve resources in terms of attaining the competencies of technicality through collaborations is really big deal. Reason 4: Stakeholder Approaches The relationship with stakeholders of both Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) for last few years was not so much affuent. This seems to have been creating problems for both of the organisations. But with this merger a legitimacy is expected to be retained. Folloing the rules of US Federal Trade Commission, this merger also brings respite for the stakeholders at the same time. 2. Critical Analysis of Drivers, benefits and the key issues about Joint Venture for Texaco and Cheveron 2.1 Drivers for Joint Venture for Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) in energy Sector Mo and Pe rez-Deisboeck (2011) argued that the joint venture between Texaco and Chevron take into consideration "an enterprise approaches". As per the CEO f Chevron, it supports them to operate in the lubricants market in addition to its Havoline as well as Delo brands in terms of trading in the international markets. Right at the same time, Moffett and Unruh (2007) rightly explained that with their Caltex international refining along with marketing joint venture, both the organization should shift quickly in fusing their alike cultures, without the disturbance of upstream action practiced in other megamergers. In the energy sector, Chevron Corporation faces challenges for decrease rate of resources regarding production and sales of oil and gas. After merger, Texaco received .77 percentage share of common stock of the Chevron Corporations. On the other hand, Texaco have resources but faces technological challenges in order to modify or increase activities of their own (Beamish, 2013). Joint venture will be the key process or strategy for both Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) because it allows partners in committing assets and equity. After joint venture, Texaco exchange the 18% premium ratio of their closing price of share. Apart from that, joint venture strategy also allows the partners in sharing their profits as well as loss regarding costs. According to Nisa Fitriati (2014), alliances of joint venture will allow the partners in identifying the prevalent condition and efficiency in business. On the other hand, exchange ratio represented the $64.87 share for Texaco and Chevron Corporation share more than $84.25 in the exchange ratio. Apart from that, joint venture improves the quality of relationship between two or more organization when they merger and acquisition their business each other. Figure 1: Graphical representation of joint venture survival (Source: Bartek, 2014, pp- 317) In order to improve the growth rate and make the resources available for business International Oil Companies have to collect more resources from the Texaco in energy sector. On the other hand, in order to improve the technology, National Oil Companies has to take advice from the Chevron Corporation (ChoiChangBeom, 2011). Therefore, the characteristic of strategic alliances such as constant bargaining, multiple decision-making centres, clashes of interests, etc helps in fulfilling their requirement and need. The management control system in Joint venture is also an effective method that helps the partners in managing their resources and share value in a substantial format. Polley (2013) suggested that Joint Venture has three main primary dimensions such as tightness, mechanisms and focus that are multidimensional and complex. According to Prescott and Swartz (2010), partners in joint venture are able to use any of the mechanisms for protecting their resources and share value with each others. In terms of joint venture between Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC), the control management system properly managed several characteristics such as socialization practices, communications between the parent company, expatriate staffing, delegation of decision making responsibilities incentives of manager performance, etc. Apart from that, Reuvid, (2008) depicted transactional costs of joint venture explain the relationship and structure between the Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) hierarchically. 2.2 Benefits of Joint Venture for Texaco (NOCs) and Chevron Corporation (IOCs) Both the companies in energy sector Texaco and Chevron Corporation need for some aspect in order to protect challenges that currently faced. Tang (2013) argued that joint venture is one of the most useful as well as successful strategies that will allow the organizations or partners in achieving greater success on a specific project. Figure 2: Benefits of Joint venture (Source: DE HEK and MUKHERJEE, 2011, pp- 175) If the National Oil Companies joint venture with the International Oil Companies they can formed several benefits. These are Sharing Costs: It will be the key benefit when Texaco involved new trend of joint venture with the Chevron Corporation. Chevron Corporation share $84.25 cost in their closing stock and Texaco share $64.87 of their common stock. According to Twum (2013), joint venture allows the partners in participating or undertaking the venture without individuals. According to the business aspects of Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC), joint venture trend allows them in sharing the revenues regarding research and development, distribution and management, administrative costs, supply costs, labor and management costs, etc significantly (DE HEK and MUKHERJEE, 2011). Thus, both the Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) can reduce large investment into project. Furthermore, sharing costs also allows both the Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) in reaching with per unit costs that may increase efficiency regarding larger production level. Sharing Assets: In order to improve the business in energy sector, Texaco has required technological resources that helps in producing and selling oil and gas more easily as well as capture the high market share. Texaco share $77 billion asset with the Chevron Corporation after joint venture. On the other hand, Chevron Corporation has required the hydrocarbon resources in order to protect competition. Therefore, involvement of joint venture trend allows both the Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) in sharing their collective intangible and tangible resources that pursue their common goals and objectives (Fedi, 2013). For example, joint venture allows the International Oil Companies in taking the hydrocarbons from Texaco and increases their resource level. On the other hand, Texaco will get the technological support from the Chevron Corporation and improve their production system as well as sales. Sharing Business Risks: Wu et al. (2013) presumed that joint venture allows the participants in sharing the risks regarding business for developing the new products or distribution system of the existing products. Apart from that, when the organization is expending their business there were several risks. Joint venture with the other companies allows in sharing the risks and decrease the potential challenges regarding business. From the point of view of both the Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC), there were several risks in accessing resources such as technology, hydrocarbons, etc (Finger and Hoppe, 2014). When both the companies include joint venture trend within their business, they can light the possibilities of risks with the new investment. Asif and de Vries (2014) suggested that joint venture create enough revenue in order to make the development costs for participants. Sharing critical experience and expertise: Joint venture trend allows the participants the in sharing the critical experience as well as expertise of management with each other. Apart from that, joint venture allows in sharing the technological capabilities, industry knowledge and other necessitates in business sector. However, if the Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) joint venture with each other is considered, they can share the management experience and expertise as well as the technical aspects (Futter and Mo, 2009). For example, after joint venture Texaco is able to get information as well as strategies of Texaco for crossing the borders as well as increase the customer base worldwide. On the other hand, Chevron Corporation gets information about the raw materials and suppliers of hydrocarbons that much required for their business in terms of protecting the competition. Flexibility: The structure of joint venture offers maximum flexibilities in business through developing and creating the work relationship between partners. If both the Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) enter into trend of joint venture can involved an MA transaction for improving the management process during difficult and costly (Genders, 2013). In addition, the structure of joint venture allows the participants in undertaking the growth opportunities during the maintenance of respective business operation in both existing and identities. In accordance to Sivakunako, Buatama and Fongsuwan (2014), joint venture allows the companies in protecting their individuals profits as well as earning of a venture from the vices studies. From the point of view of accounting treatment, joint venture increase 50 percent more for the participants. Apart from that, joint venture increases the flow of profits, earnings, losses through the financial statements. 2.3 Potential Issues of Joint Venture Within business, joint venture create several benefits for the organization such as share the costs, resources, technology, financial treatment, experiences, expertise, etc. unlike the benefits, joint venture has several potential issues within business such as Lack of experience of joint venture: Law of Murphy is one of the key aspects and useful method when the participants come for joint venture first time. Lack of knowledge in joint venture structure may create difficulties and create potential risk in business (Gutterman, 2009). According to the joint venture trend of Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC), they have to clear first about the structure and profit margin properly. Moreover, both Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) have to build trust with each other. Figure 3: Issues of Joint Venture (Source: ChoiChangBeom, 2011, pp- 169) Endless way of joint venture: It is the potential as well as key risk of joint venture in corporate sector. The structure of joint venture develops in a way that never be end. Therefore, after joint venture with the other company means, organization has to share their profits and resources for long time. It not only affects in their profitability but also affect in improving the business. Van Weert (2014) argued that joint venture is as similar as marriage. Once adopt joint venture then it will be long-term process and in a word it is endless process. Therefore, it is not easy to negotiate the deal. However, if the Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) joint venture then Chevron have to share the technological aspects as well as the managerial skills or experience with the Texaco. On the other hand, Texaco has to share resources like hydrocarbons to the Chevron. Fails to recognize the things as equal as partners: In terms of earning the fess, one party gets more rather than the other party. For example, if the Chevron joint venture with the Texaco, then they have to share most profits more according to their earning and they will be liable for the Texaco (Hiribarren, 2013). It not only affects profitability for Texaco but also make the liable to the Chevron. Unable to get regular financial update: When the two or more parties joint venture one of the participants takes charges for managing financial statement of the company. However, in order to run the business successfully, regular update is very much important as well as the key aspects of measuring the business. However, when the company joint venture, they cannot get regular update (Killing, 2013). They only received the financial update monthly. It may affect in the measuring of business. Conflict of Interest: It is also a major issue in joint venture. It has been majorly identifies that when the two or more company joint venture there are huge problems regarding conflict idea. For example, if Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) joint venture then they have to consider the for bringing each project. The participants are not allows to start one new project without permission or collaboration with each other (Lorrain, 2014). Therefore, conflict of interest may create difficultly in terms of making good relationship between the participants. 3. Recommendations for the joint venture of Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC): Recommendation 1: Make simple agreement: Regarding recommendation for joint venture in terms of business process of Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC), making simple agreement is required because both the companies enter into joint venture first time (Refer to appendix). Therefore, before starting the work, copyright begins need to be fixed. It can help in make easier the business process that down. Apart from that, making simple agreements, both Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) is able to increase flexibility as well as usability in working process. It has been majorly seen that participants misunderstood often about the working process of copyrights. Simple agreement can allow the participants in understanding the copyrights rules and regulations properly. Furthermore, most of cases it has been seen that absence of contract regarding copyrights automatically vests (Mar Benavides-Espinosa, 2012). Therefore, simple agreements creation for new joint venture may prote ct the absence of contract and defuse the confusion as well as intention of both participants. Recommendation 2: Establishment of clear protocols: The second recommendation is less important over first recommendation because in order to enter into joint venture making of agreement comes first and then come set of protocols. Regarding the joint venture between Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC), need to establish the clear protocols such as particular activity regarding the aims and role of the business, activity in terms of success, adequate arrangements, etc. Apart from that, both parties should to discuss the activities of joint venture in their first instance (Mardikian PhD, 2009). At the board meeting, both parties have to submit the formal agreement of particular joint venture. Thus, both Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) can establish a string relationship between them and also can maintain the intellectual rearward, financial profitability, long lasting relationship, etc. 4. Conclusion This particular task concluded the factor of joint venture in business especially for the business of International Oil Companies and National Oil Companies in energy sector. The study introduces the reason of joint venture for both Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC) in energy sector. Apart from that, analyst represented the potential drivers for joint venture regarding business of Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC). Moreover, after identifying the drives about joint venture in respect to Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC), analyst describes the key benefits of joint venture in business such as costs sharing, resource sharing, experience and expertise sharing, etc. joint venture is the most effective as well as efficient strategy in business for starting new business or promote the existing business. Through joint venture, companies are able to strengthen their value chain and sharing resources provide more quality service in low price to the customers. Furthe rmore, potential issues about joint venture also identified by the researcher in this study from the point of view of Texaco (NOC) and Chevron Corporation (IOC). After identifying the issues, analyst describes two recommendations with ranking order along with the proper description. Reference List Asif, M. and de Vries, H. (2014). Creating ambidexterity through quality management.Total Quality Management Business Excellence, pp.1-16. Bartek, R. (2014). Foundation-Industry Relationships - A New Business Model Joint-Venture Philanthropy in Therapy Development.CTMC, 14(3), pp.313-318. Beamish, P. (2013).Multinational Joint Ventures in Developing Countries (RLE International Business). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ChoiChangBeom, (2011). The Effect of Joint Venture Partners' Management Control on International Joint Venture Performance.theebusinessstudies, 12(4), pp.159-174. Cots, S. and Casadess, M. (2014). Exploring the service management standard ISO 20000.Total Quality Management Business Excellence, pp.1-19. DE HEK, P. and MUKHERJEE, A. (2011). JOINT VENTURE BUY-OUTS UNDER UNCERTAINTY*.The Journal of Industrial Economics, 59(1), pp.155-176. Fedi, A. (2013). Il contratto di joint venture.ECONOMIA E DIRITTO DEL TERZIARIO, (3), pp.403-431. Finger, F. and Hoppe, T. (2014). MicroRNAs meet calcium: Joint venture in ER proteostasis.Science Signaling, 7(350), pp.re11-re11. Futter, D. and Mo, C. (2009).Venture capital, 2009. New York, NY: Practising Law Institute. Genders, D. (2013).The Daily Telegraph tax guide 2013. London: KoganPage. Gutterman, A. (2009).A short course in international joint ventures. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. Hiribarren, V. (2013). A European and African Joint-Venture: Writing a Seamless History of Borno (19021960).History in Africa, 40(01), pp.77-98. Killing, J. (2013).Strategies for joint venture success. London: Routledge. Killing, P. (2013).Strategies for Joint Venture Success (RLE International Business). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Lorrain, D. (2014). L'acteur lest: une joint-venture d'eau Chongqing.Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 203(3), p.30. Mar Benavides-Espinosa, M. (2012). Joint Venture, an Alternative for Knowledge Learning.Knowledge and Process Management, 19(1), pp.1-16. Mardikian PhD, S. (2009). Tevas Biosimilar Capabilities Mount with its Latest Joint Venture.PharmaDeals Review, 2009(1). Mo, C. (2010).Advanced venture capital 2010. New York, N.Y.: Practising Law Institute. Mo, C. and Pe rez-Deisboeck, L. (2011).Venture capital, 2011. New York, NY: Practising Law Institute. Moffett, M. and Unruh, G. (2007).Deck's Romanian joint venture. [Glendale, AZ]: Thunderbird School of Global Management. Nisa Fitriati, A. (2014). Urgensi Pengaturan Khusus Lisensi Paten tentang Alih Teknologi pada Perusahaan Joint Venture.Pandecta: Research Law Journal, 9(1). Polley, R. (2013).Parental Liability in Joint Venture Cases. Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Prescott, D. and Swartz, S. (2010).Joint ventures in the international arena. Chicago, Ill.: ABA Section of International Law. Reuvid, J. (2008). Power to the joint venture.Engineering Technology, 3(3), pp.82-83. Sivakunako, C., Buatama, U. and Fongsuwan, W. (2014). Efficiency of Waste Management in Phuket Province.Research Journal of Business Management, 8(3), pp.294-299. Tang, J. (2013). Joint Venture Formation and Internationalization: A Japanese MNEs' Perspective.Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 14(2), pp.107-129. Twum, S. (2013). Investigation of a Joint Venture-Ship between Two Firms in Ghana Using Linear Programming.AMR, 824, pp.479-489. van Weert, C. (2014). Flexibele bestuursbesluitvorming in de joint venture.Vennootschap Onderneming, 24(3), pp.44-46. Wu, T., Fu, F., Zhang, Y. and Wang, L. (2013). The Increased Risk of Joint Venture Promotes Social Cooperation.PLoS ONE, 8(6), p.e63801. Phx.corporate-ir.net, (2015). Chevron and Texaco Agree to $100 Billion Merger Creating Top-Tier Integrated Energy Company. Available at: https://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=66900p=irol-pressreleaseArticleID=123352highlight= [Accessed on 10.03.2015]

The US Congress, Presidency and Bureaucracy

Overview A government is the body through which a political unit exercises its power, controls policies and implements them. It also directs and controls the actions of its members. There are three main branches that constitute the Federal government of the United States. These are the legislative, judicial and executive. It carries out governmental power and functions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The US Congress, Presidency and Bureaucracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The laws of the country are keenly enforced by the executive organ of the federal government while the judiciary plays the role of interpreting the laws that have been approved by the Congress. The United States is governed by a democratic form of government. The President is appointed in office through an electoral process in a free and fair polling process. Therefore, a democratically elected President is largely supported by the majority o the populace. The federal government of the United States was formed in the eighteenth century, making it one of the first modern national federations in the world. This form of government has been debated ever since it was established and its constitution ordained. There are parties that often push for unlimited powers of the federal government while others are of the contrary view that the central government should not be given expanse powers in discharging its duties. Two Non legislative functions of the Congress in Policy Making Process Congress has other roles apart from these two non legislative ones that are being discussed in this chapter. It works with the President in discussing public policies before they are implemented by the bureaucrats. It is made up of senators and representatives who are chosen through a direct election (Cummings and Wise 426). Each of them represents a district and serves a term that goes for two years. Seats in the house are shared among the st ates by the public. It meets in the United States capital, Washington DC. First it has the power to investigate and supervise the on goings in the executive. The Subpoena Power of the Congress is often charged with the duty of coordinating the various functions allocated to different committees. There have been concerns about how congress oversees the executive actions. Some critics have accused the congress of not doing a good enough job in supervising the other arms of the government. In the Plame Affair, critics claimed that the Supreme law making body was not performing as expected in overseeing this case. The interaction between the Congress and the Executive has also been of a major concern. For instance, the manner in which the Congress acts as watchdog on the executive decisions is paramount. It has always been the tradition of the Congress to oversee most policy matters endorsed by the executive to ensure that the latter does not go overboard in discharging its mandate The second non legislative role of the Congress is that it has the power of impeaching the incumbent and also removing other government officers from office, that is; federal judges and other federal officers.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Congress has been influencing the Presidency in a variety of ways. Quite a number of factors account for this variance. For example, the leadership of the Congress as well as the political influence of the President when he or she is in office plays critical roles in the interaction between the Presidency and the Congress. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson reduced the power of the president compared to that of the congress for lengthy time after. Five Principle Roles of the President The President has five main roles that he plays: Head of State, Head of the executive, Commander in Chief, Chief Legislator and Chief Diplomat. The President also h as other important duties, but these five are the main ones required expected of him by the Constitution of the United States. The roles performed by the President go beyond mere legislation. Indeed, there are several ceremonial roles played by the President as a Chief Executive Officer of the country. He is the symbol of nationhood. Through this role the president can identify himself with the public which earns him respect with the people. He stands for the power of United States. Being the Chief Officer in charge of the country, the president is the leader of the executive organ of the government. He is assisted by his staff where he assigns most of the work to the executive and to the independent regulatory bodies that work within the executive section. The executive branch is considered to be a complex branch to run since the President has to cause the agencies and the bureaucrats implement his decisions and policies. In such times that he needs to have a strong sense of persu asion. As the Chief Executive, he also has the power to grant amnesty to those who may have offended the United States. The President is also a Commander in Chief; he is therefore the leader of the military of United States. He has authority to order when missiles should be launched and for troops to be commissioned. The President delegates his power to the commander of the armed forces. He makes decisions on when the military forces should commence their mission. However, the president does not have authority to declare war. There is however a constraint on his authority whereby he makes the decision then reports to the congress within a stipulated time. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The US Congress, Presidency and Bureaucracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He makes decisions on foreign policy and on how the United States should interact with other countries (Cummings and Wise 428). He has the advantage o f having extra information that congress may not have (for example The State Department, Pentagon, CIA all report to the President). He is the only one allowed to sign treaties after the Congress has approved. He also has the mandate to agree with other countries on executive matters. He has permission to acknowledge the validity of any other country. He has the power to use military to support his decisions as Chief Diplomat, an indication that sometimes his roles overlap. As Chief Legislator, the President has a duty to sign laws and to pass programs that will benefit his country. This is a more difficult role as he faces opposition within the congress especially if many of them make up the opposing political party. He uses his staff or liaisons to assist in persuading the congress to pass his programs. If he does not get votes on his bills he may threaten to veto their bills. Despite this, he has the responsibility to consider if the bills are good for the public even if he does not like parts of it. He has a duty to pass the bill with lines that he does not approve because it widely benefits the public. Towards the end of the 20th Century, the Supreme Court denied the president the rights to veto lines that he did not agree with, in which he could veto parts of a bill instead of the whole document. He however has permission to call back congress into a session or to end the sessions if need be. The above roles confirm that the President has a huge responsibility of ensuring the state is stable, united and secure. He also needs back up from his staff, the Congress and the bureaucrats. How Bureaucrats Shape Policy The perspective on ideology has the view that the first stages of a policy making agency are very important in determining its behavior.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The application of rules, control or even the use of officially documented authority to steer performance is all under what is referred to as bureaucratic control. It includes such details as budgetary allocation, preparation of reports, performance evaluation as well as regulating results. This is according to Max Weber, a German Sociologist. In the government sector bureaucrats ensure that the decisions made by the governments are implemented. They communicate with one another, maintain accountability, interpret the law hence the implementation. Congress has delegated an expansive amount of authority to the federal bureaucracy by giving the agencies the power to draft federal regulations and to look into conflicts over these regulations. However, controlling the bureaucracy may be challenging because of a number of reasons. The process of monitoring and supervising everyone or each operation in the bureaucracy cannot be done by the President alone owing to a lot of work involved. Second, the fact that the people who administer the policy often have more knowledge about issues compared to what the President knows, gives the bureaucrats power. It is sometimes hard to fire bureaucrats even for incompetence and since many federal agencies provide services to a large number of people, they sometimes work together to defend the agencies. Finally in the policy implementation, the agency is the one that works on specifics after the Congress creates and passes a new program. Some presidents view bureaucrats as a hindrance to getting their agenda approved, since they have to do a lot of lobbying and persuading. The manner in which operations of the federal programs should be handled and adhered to is greatly influenced by the federal bureaucracy. The rule making happens in phases. To begin with, the Congress has to pass the new laws which are then scrutinized and eventually published in an official document. Those interested are allowed comment on the rules during pub lic address or by forwarding their views to the agency. There are 60 days set aside for waiting by the agency after writing down the final regulations. Thereafter, the rules can then be reinforced through an implementation process. It is the duty of the Congress to ascertain that the rules are being implemented. Theoretically, the due process of implementing the policies that have been endorsed by the Congress lies in the hands of the bureaucrats. Nonetheless, critics have quite often observed that the policymaking process in the federal government is largely influenced by bureaucrats Theories on the Role of Government in the economy It is known that consumers and producers make most decisions that build the economy. Nonetheless, the activities of the federal government on the economic performance of US fall into four main categories. The entire rate of economic activities is determined by the federal government so as to ensure stability and growth in the country. In order tom achie ve this, the government acts by adjusting the sensitive monetary policies such as the level of spending as well as taxation regimes. In addition, the amount of money in circulation is also regulated. This may improve or reduce growth in the economy. As a result, two important factors namely the level of employment and pricing mechanisms. Since the 1930s the government has been working on regulating the economy through juggling between the fiscal policy and managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit. The fiscal policy was embraced between the 1960s and 1990s until the government experienced high inflation, unemployment and huge government deficits that caused the president and Congress to lose confidence in the fiscal policy. Hence, the Federal Reserve Board was charged with the responsibility of controlling all policies related to financial matters. The private sector is regulated by the federal government in two major ways.. In price controls, it focuses on prevent ing monopolies like electric utilities and agricultural goods from exploiting consumers and gaining unreasonable profits. Consequently, there are quite a number of industries that decided to control prices having complained of unfair price cutting modalities. On the other hand, the antitrust law aims at developing market forces that are formidable enough to avoid a situation whereby it is controlling the market in a direct manner. Further, both the public and private sector have at one time or another implemented this legislation to hinder or hamper what they refer to as total competition. The government has equally regulated the private sector to adhere to some of the most important social objectives like marinating a healthy environment. However this decision by the government has been challenged over a number of years. This has resulted to the government relaxing the rules in the 1980s. They claimed that such business elements like liberalized enterprise were greatly hampered and as a result, it significantly contributed to poor economic performance due to elevated costs of running businesses. The government provides direct services on every level ranging from providing the country with adequate territorial defense, giving support to research and development activities, carrying out exploration exercises through its appointed agents like NASA to implementing myriad of programs aimed at improving the working conditions of workers (Cummings and Wise 421). There are several ways through which the government assists small scale enterprises for instance through loans and technical aid. It also provides loans to college going students thereby expanding their chances of acquiring skills that increase chances for them to get employed. It also encourages home lending where people get mortgage loans making housing affordable. It gives Social Security to individuals who have no means to adequately care for themselves which is financed by a tax on employers and employe es. In summing up, the government plays a big role in ensuring that its citizens are economically secure and comfortable. In as much as consumers and producers play an enormous role, the regulatory role of the government ensures that all is in check and that there is equitable distribution of resources. Works Cited Cummings, Milton C. and Wise, David. Democracy under Pressure: An Introduction to the American Political System. New York: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2001. This essay on The US Congress, Presidency and Bureaucracy was written and submitted by user Jayc0b to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Islamic Extremists Essay Essays

Islamic Extremists Essay Essays Islamic Extremists Essay Essay Islamic Extremists Essay Essay About everyone has heard about Islam and the Arab universe. In add-on. many states have already faced issues with the Muslim trusters. Islam has caused jobs. terrorist onslaughts. anti-democracy all over the universe. They were besides really successful in directing a message of who they genuinely are. Peoples who are literally obedient to the Islamic religion are called Islamic Extremists. People. who are of the Islamic religion nevertheless desire to last in peace without trials are non considered obedient or dutiful to the Islamic religion. these people are called moderate Muslims. Therefore. the Islamic spiritual extremists are the major group in Islam who follow the Qur’an word for word and create utmost force that moderate Moslems do non. Muslim extremism started in Egypt in the late twentiess. During the inter-war old ages. the state was occupied by the British military. The Nationalist Wafd motion. led by Saad Zaghloul. opposed the presence of t he British. as would anyone whose state is being occupied by a foreign military power. ( A brief history of Islamic extremism ) In 1928. Hassan al-Banna established the term â€Å"The Muslim Brotherhood† which was the first Islamist motion. The British authorities supported the nascent motion in an effort to compensate the Nationalists. In modern Egyptian political relations. the Muslim Brotherhood is the largest resistance party to Hosni Mubarak’s National Democratic Party. Mubarak has been in power since the blackwash of Anwar Sadat in 1981. The Muslim Brotherhood has ever been illegal. and. over the old ages. 1000s of its members have been imprisoned by the Egyptian authorities. ( A brief history of Islamic extremism ) The political orientation of the early Brotherhood is really similar to that of Islamist groups today – they denounced the Egyptian authorities as secular and regarded Egyptian society in footings of â€Å"jahaliya† or a barbarian. pre-Islamic society non based on Islamic shari’a jurisprudence. Sayyed Qutb. an Egyptian rational associated with the Muslim Br otherhood. wrote a book called Ma’alim fil Tariq ( â€Å"Signposts on the Road† ) . which proved to be extremely influential on the thought of modern Islamists. Qutb wrote the book in 1964 while in prison ; 2 old ages subsequently he was executed by hanging. ( A brief history of Islamic extremism ) In the late seventiess. the CIA financed and trained the mujahidin ( â€Å"Holy Warriors† ) in order to contend a proxy war with the Soviet ground forces. which had invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Training. support and the proviso of weaponries to the mujahidin was carried out covertly via Pakistan and Saudi Arabia ; one of the alleged â€Å"Afghan Arabs† who was trained by the U. S. was a immature adult male called Osama bin Laden. ( A brief history of Islamic extremism ) In the recent old ages. Bangladesh was suspected of going a oasis and genteelness land for Islamic terrorist groups with links to Al-Qaida. Domestic Islamic extremist groups are said to funnel Al-Qaida money. weaponries. and combatants through the state. In March 1999. IOJ president Amini told a public meeting: â€Å"We are for Osama [ bin Ladin ] . we are for the Taliban. and we will be in authorities in 2000 through an Islamic revolution. † ( Zuckerbrot-Finkelstein. B. ) Bangladeshi support for Osama bin Ladin and Al-Qaida rose following the September 11 onslaughts and the subsequent American assault on the Taliban in Afghanistan. The U. S. conveyed its displeasure with Dhaka’s failure to squelch anti-American. pro-Osama bin Ladin rallies in the aftermath of the American onslaught on Afghanistan. In November 2001. IOJ’s Amini said: â€Å"Osama bin Ladin is loved by the Bangladeshi people. Everyone respects him and considers him to be a leader of Muslims. † ( Zuckerbrot-Finkelstein. B. ) The political features of Islam are derived from the Qur’an. the Sunna ( the expressions and populating wonts of Muhammad ) . Muslim history. and sometimes elements of political motions outside Islam. Out of the Muslim Brotherhood. late derived a group called The Muslim Salafeyeen. The Salafeyeen act laughably much worse than the Muslim Brotherhood. They have the same outlook as the Muslim Brotherhood ; nevertheless. they go even beyond the outlooks of the Quran’s instructions. For illustration the Muslim Brotherhood has the word political relations in their lexicon. which means they can hold political relationships with the westerners but that is to utilize their aid for their ain good. such as Saudi Arabia. They besides base and implement the jurisprudence of the Qur’an on the people. On the flipside. the Salafeyeen do non hold the word political relations in their lexicon and the manner they communicate is through terrible force even on their ain people. For illustration their regulation goes as follows: stealers must hold their custodies cut off. a curser’s lingua must be cut off. an extramarital must be killed with the border of the blade. and so on with all the evildoers. Their judgements are pretty utmost. They presently have a little group in Egypt. There is no research found about them yet. nevertheless information has been spread through word of oral cavity and people’s experiences in the recent yearss in Egypt. The Salafeyeen have been around and they are really few still. It is non long until the malignant neoplastic disease is spread everyplace. Numerous terrorist folks have finally been spread all over the universe. The Muslim Brotherhood has created a private group in each state who follow their program. Therefore. every so frequently. the state receives intelligence about happening desolations they have caused. Since the Muslim Brotherhood considers force is the lone method to distribute or enforce their faith on many states. they had specifically chosen the United States of America to execute their force onslaughts. The United States is presently considered the most powerful state in the universe. If they had specifically chosen the United States. their end is so revealed. The Muslim Brotherhood’s aspiration is to achieve the power of the United States and govern it. If they conquer this power. they most probably conquered the universe. It is non hard for anyone to calculate this expounding. The terrorist onslaught that occurred in September eleventh of two 1000 and one was chiefly the first onslaught the caught t he world’s consciousness. Prior to that. the state was familiar about Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood ; nevertheless they did non hold adequate cognition in respects of whom they genuinely are. Throughout the old ages. the Muslim Brotherhood has determined that terrorist act would be the lone method used to pass on with the universe. They have successfully sent out messages about their ends. which are to restrict the universe in instruction. political positions. democratic positions. etc. For illustration. the Islamic beliefs strain a adult female of her basic rights. A adult female is non allowed to travel to school for instruction. Harmonizing to the Shahih Bukhari 1. 6. 301. Volume 1. Book 6. Number 301: Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri: Once Allah’s Apostle went out to the Musalla ( to offer the supplication ) o ‘Id-al-Adha or Al-Fitr supplication. Then he passed by the adult females and said. â€Å"O adult females! Give alms. as I have seen that the bulk of the inhabitants of Hell-fire were you ( adult females ) . † They asked. â€Å"Why is it so. O Allah’s Apostle? † He replied. â€Å"I have non seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and faith than you. A cautious reasonable adult male could be led astray by some of you. † The adult females asked. â€Å"O Allah’s Apostle! What is deficient in our intelligence and faith? † He said. â€Å"Is non the grounds of two adult females equal to the informant of one adult male? † They replied in the affirmatory. He said. â€Å"This is the lack in her intelligence. Isn’t it true that a adult female can neither pray nor fast during her menstruations? † The adult females replied in the affirmatory. He said. â€Å"This is the lack in her faith. † Their outlook is really limited in statements every bit good. Their beliefs are against freedom of address. faith. look. even the Internet because it allows statements. cognition. and instruction and largely everything that has to make with the human rights. All of their statements must travel back to the Shari’a ( jurisprudence ) of Islam. which prevents all these rights. The Shari’a of Islam calls for work forces to crush their married womans. Harmonizing to 004. 034 YUSUFALI: Work force are the defenders and upholders of adult females. because Allah has given the one more ( strength ) than the other. and because they support them from their agencies. Therefore the righteous adult females are piously obedient. and guard in ( the husband’s ) absence what Allah would hold them guard. As to those adult females on whose portion ye fright disloyalty and ill-conduct. warn them ( foremost ) . ( Following ) . garbage to portion their beds. ( And last ) beat them ; but if they return to obedience. seek non against them Means ( of irritation ) . This type of outlook creates a force animalistic society. Peoples develop these violent accomplishments through the enforcement of such Torahs which leads to terrorist act. Imagine there is deficiency of instruction. freedom of statements. address. look. faith. anti-democracy etc. how will anyone be able to larn. be just. balanced in ideas. unprejudiced or even survive in peace? It is surely impractical. Therefore. to get the better of the outlook of terrorist act. the state must understand what Islam and the Qur’an truly Teachs Islamists. Some of the Qur’an’s instructions are largely about the heathens ( disbelievers ) and how all of them will stop up in Hell. Harmonizing to the instructions of the Qurâ€⠄¢an verses freely and blithely references: Make non take disbelievers as friends ; cautiousness is necessary to befriend the unbelievers†¦3:28. It is non honorable to take disbelievers as friends†¦4:139. Make non take disbelievers as friends†¦4:144. Believers are non to take the Jews and Christians as friends and defenders ; if any truster ( i. e. Muslim ) turns to them so he besides becomes a Jew or a Christian†¦5:51. Real friends are God. His apostle ( Muhammad ) and the family of pious and charitable believers†¦5:55. God’s wrath and tortures is for befriending the unbelievers†¦5:80. Whoever seeks the friendly relationship of evil people will be lead to the punishment of fire†¦22:3. Can non be on footings of secret familiarity or be friendly with the enemies of faith †¦60:1. This is the really ain words of Qur’an that Islamists follow. Some Islamists who live in the West will even knock their folks for purchasing a bantam Christmas tree merely for the small kids or even for go toing Christmas parties. They will even travel a measure further in declaring that the westerners must larn from them ( the Muslim migrators ) and non the other man ner around. At this clip. since the Qur’an neer called for peace. it is apprehensible why those Islamists act the manner they do. The supreme fury of the Islamists is reserved for the manner the western adult females frock. work and lives. Many Muslim adult females are deviously forced to have on hijab merely to show to the heathen adult females the superior celibacy of Muslim adult females. Ten old ages ago. it was rare to happen a hijabi adult female in any streets of Europe or the U. S. The state of affairs is rather different now. Any rail-station. shopping centre. eating stall. college. university. etc. . will on a regular basis detect a hijabi adult female standing nearby. Many Islamists openly declare that all Muslim adult females must cover themselves in ( ugly ) hijab and cloak no affair what others may believe of them. This is because these Muslim adult females will go the shining illustrations or beacon of muliebrity. celibacy. and Islamic beauty to the infidel adult females and they ( the heathen adult females ) will finally follow the Muslim adult females and merrily wear the Muslim attire. These Islamists are perfectly certain that these infidel adult females will one twenty-four hours. certainly be cover ed by Islamic hijab. Why? Because. Allah has ordained it-one twenty-four hours the full universe will go an Ummah ( Islamic community ) of some kind. They have no uncertainty on this. At this point. it is apprehensible why Islamic extremists commit their terrorist act onslaughts. Their end is to distribute and implement Islam in the whole universe. Research has proved through the really ain words of Qur’an and Hadith. action has proved it through terrorist act onslaughts of the heathens ( disbelievers ) . and their daily modus operandi dressing up in the Muslim attire. Many will reason it is non a job if their faith inquires their adult females to dress and look that manner. They are partly right. merely if their intent is to dress that manner and nil more. However based on research. even modern Islamists are called Islamists because they believe in Islamic Shari’a and jurisprudence. They have an thought of what Islam is approximately and if they still call themselves Muslims. they are considered under the same class of faith. They have partly the same ideas ; they may non be interested in slaying. nevertheless they will neer take a westerner as a friend. unless the westerner becomes a Muslim. This type of thought is non in any manner good for a modern society. In a modern society. it encourages one to look. act. and think in a certain manner. This manner is non to implement negative ideas. beliefs on anyone. It is to promote instruction. positive ideas. and the playing of professionalism with one another. The best method in making a solution for the universe is to understand that Islam is now spread in many topographic points. Islam has become a whole outlook that people follow non reasonably a faith. Islam presently starts in early phases of humans’ lives. A kid is raised up having hatred and all types of negative ideas. which subsequently develops in his/her nucleus. Therefore. terrorist act is neer stoping ; in fact it improves by the yearss. At this clip. there is no manner around to stop terrorist act. but there are ways to do it less happening in the universe. Educating people. and young person on how terrorist act started. and how the universe perceives it as a negative act will assist them understand the construct of terrorist act. Besides through instruction. people will hold the demand to protect their state and support it. No 1 is willing to populate in a state that is controlled by terrorists. Neither will anyone be willing to restrict their ideas. look. instruction. freedom of worship. or personal determinations. In decision. Muslim extremists have attempted to enforce their spiritual beliefs on the universe. This happens through their violent onslaughts about in every western state. The lone method to halt this force is to let people to understand the true significance of Islam. This is to educate people about Islam and Muslim extremists in the early phases of life. It is besides indispensable to assist the state larn how the modern Muslims differ from those extremists. Through instruction. a solution can come into position on how we can stop these bloody violent folk. Even if it takes clip. months and old ages. it can still take a major affect on the long tally. MentionsBas. N. J. ( 2004 ) . Wahhabi Muslimism: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. Oxford: Oxford University Press. USA. Bukha?ri? . M. I. ( 1981 ) . Shahih Bukhari. Jakarta: Penerbit Widjaya. Darwish. N. ( 2006 ) . Now they call me heathen: why I renounced jehad for America. Israel. and the War on Terror. New York. N. Y. : Sentinel. Jonas. G. ( 2007 ) . Contemplations on Islam: thoughts. sentiments. statements. Toronto: Key Porter Books. Katel. P. ( 2010 ) . HomegrownJihadists: can Muslim terrorists in the U. S. mount serious onslaughts? . Washington. DC: Congressional Quarterly. The Big Think Tank: A brief history of Islamic extremism. ( 2006. April 25 ) . The Big Think Tank. Retrieved April 6. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //thebigthinktank. blogspot. com/2006/04/brief-history-of-islamic-extremism. hypertext markup language Quran Shariff. ( 1978 ) . S. l. : [ s. n. ] . Yuan. M. ( 2005 ) . Womans in Islam. Detroit: Greenhaven Press/Thomson-Gale. YouTube – 2 twelvemonth old Muslim Girl replies Questions on Islam. ( n. d. ) . YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. Retrieved April 20. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8Tfh2PnvTnY A ; feature=related Zuckerbrot-Finkelstein. B. ( 2007. January 10 ) . Muslim Extremism and Terrorism in Bangladesh-American Jewish Committee. Home-American Judaic Committee. Retrieved April 7. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ajc. org/site/apps/nlnet/content3. aspx? c=ijITI2PHKoG A ; b=3133321 A ; ct=

Coursework of Management & Org. Behaviour Case Study

Coursework of Management & Org. Behaviour - Case Study Example In fact employees would perceive this as the quality of work life which directs on final outcomes as employee performance, motivation, individual satisfaction and personal growth and development in the organizational environment. Business organizations are those legal entities that engage themselves in the production of a good or service with the intention of selling it for a profit and are much more focused on the long run survival in achieving organizational goals such as profitability, shareholder satisfaction, market share and share price growth, corporate governance, sustainability, market leadership and so on. Google being an internet search engine is focused on serving customers worldwide by managing its organizational functions in the light of its strategically advantageous position over the years by understanding of the main components of competitive advantage and how to sustain it and analysis of the behavioral challenges faced by the company in modern business environment. Google indeed adopted some far reaching management practices to achieve organizational goals. The most powerful motivator of the workforce was the requirement to become shareholder of the company in addition to being an employee. Google's all employees served as equity holders with employee ownership. Next the company encouraged team work in which 3 to 4 employees were teamed together so that time waste in coordinating work effort could be reduced and employees would be motivated by team spirit. In addition to these employee friendly work practices and motivators a number of others were also adopted. In fact at Google, work teams tended to be smugly satisfied with their own performance in the absence of standards of reference. Performance of work teams has to be measured against relative performances of others and this requires common standards to be set up on a priority basis.Broader level of employee participation, minimal hierarchy, in-house expertise and problem solving and job rotation practices were good measures but they were not backed by a system of performance-based metrics. However, with the ever increasing threat of competition in the market, management practices at Google were oriented towards creating a pleasant work environment with a set of well defined corporate goals. Despite Google's growth, its management is constantly considering and encouraging employee interaction and the exchanging ideas among all level of employees and across the departments.However effective management practices must be aligned with organizational outcomes such as internal value chain enhancement, productivity and motivation parameters. Google is being practicing this kind of alignment in its strategy and policy with focusing on rewarding system for individuals and teams. HRM is a functional strategy that needs a freer organizational environment to develop into a code-based framework or model of convergence. Google's management practices were inherently flawed though it made some convincing efforts to identify workplace discontent issues and their implications for organizational outcomes. Organizational outc

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The Importance of Internal Communication

The Importance of Internal Communication Communication is often defined as an exchange of information. Exchange involves at least one sender and one receiver so true communication thus infers a two way process; a dialogue, not a monologue. Information can involve text, voice, pictures and in fact any data which the human body can pick up through its five senses including emotion. Internal communications can be defined as the direct two way communications between employers and their staff. Effective internal communication which can be said to be downward, upward and horizontal†, is a vital means of addressing organisational concerns. Effective internal communication has been shown to help improve employee engagement through; increased job satisfaction, safety and decreased absenteeism, grievances and staff turnover. Such improvements are linked to improved productivity and overall profitability. Effective internal communications is all about enabling us to do our jobs to the best of our ability and ensuring that all of us are working together towards the same organisational goals. This can mean anything from encouraging you to talk to and exchange ideas with people from other departments to explaining the direction that we are heading in as set out by the Universitys decision-making bodies. We use a series of communications channels and tools to keep you informed and give us the chance to listen to your opinions. (prof. A.P Krishnan) Why is internal communication so important? Because clear, concise, and consistent communications educate employees, enabling them to appreciate the value of their organisations vision, programs or projects and is a significant element in engaging the employees keeping them focused, productive and committed. The contribution that clear and effective channels of communication can make to an organisation is substantial, not least in enlisting employees support for business objectives, aligning everyones activities and providing some motivation to raise performance levels. Where appropriate mechanisms are in place, employees are also more likely to engage with the organisational values and objectives offering feedback and coming forward with ideas. Internal communication is more than the art and technique of effectively imparting thoughts, information, and ideas to large numbers of people. It has become the single, most important element that enables an organisation to share their vision and galvanise their work force to action that moves the organisation forward.( Lyn Smith,) Impact of Communication in organisational change Poor communication during a time of organizational change can turn a difficult situation into a crisis. In spite of this age of high technology, few organizations have channels of communication that are adequate to the demands of change. People say, But you never told me! and you begin to realise how ineffective thousands of emails, memos, websites can be Maybe a team meeting or a two-minute face-to-face conversation would have been better This sort of training will let you learn when one style is better than another Develop a written communication plan to ensure that all of the following occur within your change management process. Communicate consistently, frequently, and through multiple channels, including speaking, writing, video, training, focus groups, bulletin boards, Intranets, and more about the change. Communicate all that is known about the changes, as quickly as the information is available. (Make clear that your bias is toward instant communication, so some of the details may change at a later date. Tell people that your other choice is to hold all communication until you are positive about the decisions. This is disastrous in effective change management. Provide significant amounts of time for people to ask questions, request clarification, and provide input. If you have been part of a scenario in which a leader presented changes, on overhead transparencies, to a large group, and then fled, you know what bad news this is for change integration.( Pamela Mounter) Clearly communicate the vision, the mission, and the objectives of the change management effort. Help people to understand how these changes will affect them personally. (If you dont help with this process, people will make up their own stories, usually more negative than the truth.) Recognize that true communication is a â€Å"conversation.† It is two-way and real discussion must result. It cannot be just a presentation. The change leaders or sponsors need to spend time conversing one-on-one or in small groups with the people who are expected to make the changes. Communicate the reasons for the changes in such a way that people understand the context, the purpose, and the need. Practitioners have called this: â€Å"building a memorable, conceptual framework,† and â€Å"creating a theoretical framework to underpin the change.† Provide answers to questions only if you know the answer. Leaders destroy their credibility when they provide incorrect information or appear to stumble or back-peddle, when providing an answer. It is much better to say you dont know, and that you will try to find out. Tony Greener Leaders need to listen. Avoid defensiveness, excuse-making, and answers that are given too quickly. Act with thoughtfulness. Overcoming barriers in communication When you send a message, you intend to communicate meaning, but the message itself doesnt contain meaning. The meaning exists in your mind and in the mind of your receiver. To understand one another, you and your receiver must share similar meanings for words, gestures, tone of voice, and other symbols. 1. Differences in perception The world constantly bombards us with information: sights, sounds, scents, and so on. Our minds organize this stream of sensation into a mental map that represents our perception or reality. In no case is the perception of a certain person the same as the world itself, and no two maps are identical. As you view the world, your mind absorbs your experiences in a unique and personal way. Because your perceptions are unique, the ideas you want to express differ from other peoples Even when two people have experienced the same event, their mental images of that event will not be identical. As senders, we choose the details that seem important and focus our attention on the most relevant and general, a process known as selective perception. As receivers, we try to fit new details into our existing pattern. If a detail doesnt quite fit, we are inclined to distort the information rather than rearrange the pattern. (Peter J. Holzer) 2. Incorrect filtering Filtering is screening out before a message is passed on to someone else. In business, the filters between you and your receiver are many; secretaries, assistants, receptionists, answering machines, etc. Those same gatekeepers may also translate your receivers ideas and responses before passing them on to you. To overcome filtering barriers, try to establish more than one communication channel, eliminate as many intermediaries as possible, and decrease distortion by condensing message information to the bare essentials. 3. Language problems When you choose the words for your message, you signal that you are a member of a particular culture or subculture and that you know the code. The nature of your code imposes its own barriers on your message. Barriers also exist because words can be interpreted in more than one way. Language is an arbitrary code that depends on shared definitions, but theres a limit to how completely any of us share the same meaning for a given word. To overcome language barriers, use the most specific and accurate words possible. Always try to use words your audience will understand. Increase the accuracy of your messages by using language that describes rather than evaluates and by presenting observable facts, events, and circumstances. 4. Poor listening Perhaps the most common barrier to reception is simply a lack of attention on the receivers part. We all let our minds wander now and then, regardless of how hard we try to concentrate. People are essentially likely to drift off when they are forced to listen to information that is difficult to understand or that has little direct bearing on their own lives. Too few of us simply do not listen well! To overcome barriers, paraphrase what you have understood, try to view the situation through the eyes of other speakers and resist jumping to conclusions. Clarify meaning by asking non-threatening questions, and listen without interrupting. 5. Differing emotional states Every message contains both a content meaning, which deals with the subject of the message, and a relationship meaning, which suggests the nature of the interaction between sender and receiver. Communication can break down when the receiver reacts negatively to either of these meanings. You may have to deal with people when they are upset or when you are. An upset person tends to ignore or distort what the other person is saying and is often unable to present feelings and ideas effectively. This is not to say that you should avoid all communication when you are emotionally involved, but you should be alert to the greater potential for misunderstanding that accompanies aroused emotions. To overcome emotional barriers, be aware of the feelings that arise in your self and in others as you communicate, and attempt to control them. Most important, be alert to the greater potential for misunderstanding that accompanies emotional messages. 6. Differing backgrounds Differences in background can be one of the hardest communication barriers to overcome. Age, education, gender, social status, economic position, cultural background, temperament, health, beauty, popularity, religion, political belief, even a passing mood can all separate one person from another and make understanding difficult. To overcome the barriers associated with differing backgrounds, avoid projecting your own background or culture onto others. Clarify your own and understand the background of others, spheres of knowledge, personalities and perceptions and dont assume that certain behaviors mean the same thing to everyone. (Dana Bonbrisco Dodzik) Recommendations for managers for improving communication Research indicates that managers spend somewhere between 50% 80% of their total time communicating in one way or the other. This isnt surprising, since communication is so critical to everything that goes on in an organization. Without effective communication there can be little or no performance management, innovation, understanding of clients, coordination of effort, AND, without effective communication it is difficult to manage the expectations of those who are in a position to make decisions about your fate. (Eileen Scholes) It can also be said that many managers do not communicate well, and do not set an organizational climate where communication within the organization is managed effectively. This isnt surprising, since a manager who communicates ineffectively and does not encourage effective organizational communication is unlikely to hear about it. Poor communication is self-sustaining, because it eliminates an important feedback loop. Staff are loathe to communicate their concerns about communication because they do not perceive the manager as receptive. Both staff and management play out a little dance. In short, you may be fostering poor communication, and never know it. You may see the symptoms, but unless you are looking carefully, you may not identify your own involvement in the problem. What can you do about it? Effective organizational communication, regardless of form, requires three things. First, all players must have the appropriate skills and understanding to communicate well. Communication is not a simple process, and many people simply do not have the required depth of understanding of communication issues. (Marisa Desoiza) Second, effective organizational communication requires a climate or culture that supports effective communication. More specifically, this climate involves trust, openness, reinforcement of good communication practices, and shared responsibility for making communication effective. Third, effective communication requires attention. It doesnt just happen, but develops as a result of an intentional effort on the part of management and staff. Too often, communication, whether it is good or bad, is taken for granted. We can define your role in improving communication with respect to each of these. First, if you want to improve communication, you will need to ensure that you and staff have the skills and knowledge necessary to communicate effectively. This may mean formal training is in order, or it may mean that you coach staff and provide feedback so that they can improve. Second, you play a critical role in fostering and nurturing a climate that is characterized by open communication. Without this climate, all the skills in the world will be wasted. Finally, you must bring communication to the forefront of organization attention. If you make the effort to improve communication, your staff will recognize that it is important. If you ignore it, so will staff. Conclusion It is very clear that internal communication is an integral part of management of an organisation. The effectiveness of management depends upon the efficient internal communication system. The communication operates as the nerve system of group activity. References Prof. KP Krishnan-business communication Lyn Smith, Pamela Mounter-Business Economics- Tony Greener- Internal communication: a practical guide to effective employee communication Eileen Scholes-handbook of internal communication Bonnie Ellison, National School Public Relations Association -Communication in education Marisa Desoiza Internal communication: its influence on the staff and the organization Dana Bonbrisco Dodzik -Communication in organizations Peter J. Holzer-Improving internal communications to creating a building a learning organization http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=7816302 http://www.opcuk.com/downloads/defining_internal_communications.pdf www.sheffield.ac.uk//Internal_Communication_Audit_FindingsEXECSUMMARY.doc Bibiliography http://www.communicology.org/content/definition-communicology http://books.google.co.uk/books?q=internal+communicationlr=sa=Nstart=10 http://managementhelp.org/mrktng/org_cmm.htm http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IC48OAAACAAJdq=internal+communications+in+an+organisationlr=cd=20 Prof. KP Krishnan-business communication Lyn Smith,Pamela Mounter-Business Economics- Tony Greener- Internal communication: a practical guide to effective employee communication Eileen Scholes-handbook of internal communication Bonnie Ellison, National School Public Relations Association -Communication in education Marisa Desoiza Internal communication: its influence on the staff and the organization Dana Bonbrisco Dodzik -Communication in organizations Peter J. Holzer-Improving internal communications to creating a building a learning organization http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=7816302 http://www.opcuk.com/downloads/defining_internal_communications.pdf www.sheffield.ac.uk//Internal_Communication_Audit_FindingsEXECSUMMARY.doc